tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-73648646004118112482024-03-20T03:10:29.276-07:00DNA Genealogical Experiences and TutorialsThis blog was created to describe the discoveries that I have made about my personal family through the science of Genetic Genealogy. These new discoveries were made possible through the DNA Genealogical companies known as Family Tree DNA, 23andMe, and AncestryDNA.
In addition - various tutorials are provided to gently explain the science behind DNA Genealogy which is crucial in understanding the results of a submitted DNA test.DNAMatcheshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13455255744098073887noreply@blogger.comBlogger14125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7364864600411811248.post-49565583428475055112016-06-15T12:03:00.000-07:002017-06-18T18:14:10.356-07:00Origin Of The Ridgeways (Ridgway) Of Greene County Alabama<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4-WSjEvVUvvxdpGyqCXEr2T5jkMctHIr1YPbF2wEYrIC541XpI-4GPNPXigYWjHdOBz5HtGlutwPKeMpCb8Qi0RR8UPUTJE5oHbab7H3O_oDtSXdzC6K1rVRPreqmSgUvjmRJX2laFnA/s1600/180px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Greene_County.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4-WSjEvVUvvxdpGyqCXEr2T5jkMctHIr1YPbF2wEYrIC541XpI-4GPNPXigYWjHdOBz5HtGlutwPKeMpCb8Qi0RR8UPUTJE5oHbab7H3O_oDtSXdzC6K1rVRPreqmSgUvjmRJX2laFnA/s200/180px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Greene_County.svg.png" width="126" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">State Of Alabama</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Good Day Everyone. My name is Steve Handy. I love genealogy and in these times, it's a much embraced hobby. One of the reasons for it's popularity has to do with the emerging technology that complements genealogy. One emerging technology that complements genealogy are the advancements in DNA Technology. This is one of the reasons for which prompted me to create this post. Here I would like to share news of a great breakthrough discovery I recently made in my family tree. What was the big discovery? Let's find out!!!!!<br />
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifS1k6kIo61kRalvP7fEY7GjzG2ogUdhnXllPk6xwJfg3JLmtxnV1_OL_YvlRjY4kL5TkTcVr-s0fxUvfRCsrWz7IPfGat_Xe4aRzw23EfZAj3c-p3qImcCD8jhCJnCuQ42liqtsOJyts/s1600/John+Hoss.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifS1k6kIo61kRalvP7fEY7GjzG2ogUdhnXllPk6xwJfg3JLmtxnV1_OL_YvlRjY4kL5TkTcVr-s0fxUvfRCsrWz7IPfGat_Xe4aRzw23EfZAj3c-p3qImcCD8jhCJnCuQ42liqtsOJyts/s200/John+Hoss.jpg" width="131" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">John Hoss Ridgeway Sr</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">(1899-1953)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
My maternal grandmother was Odessa Ridgeway (1922-1985). Shown to the right was her father - John Hoss Ridgeway Sr whom was born in Eutaw, Alabama. If you notice - my maternal grandmother's last name was Ridgeway. Believe it or not, the actual spelling of Ridgeway should be "Ridgway" from what I was told. Well it's been confirmed that indeed the spelling of the word Ridgeway is without the "e" as we will see. When I began my journey into the past of the Ridgeway origins - my journey lead me back to the southern state of Alabama.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV7BU5-8TESp2DIvsoLm-O4DZgbYnZKKDPBKOXKNZOC84FwubP7mkfdH3c7tsIjSsJc7b21qozAYVKbWIz-iWRw88YbIlsYfEDM-hmhqJxkKhSH3lifRPtOvsAttAeAK0gx-7fbEnpPRg/s1600/Capture-3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV7BU5-8TESp2DIvsoLm-O4DZgbYnZKKDPBKOXKNZOC84FwubP7mkfdH3c7tsIjSsJc7b21qozAYVKbWIz-iWRw88YbIlsYfEDM-hmhqJxkKhSH3lifRPtOvsAttAeAK0gx-7fbEnpPRg/s200/Capture-3.JPG" width="191" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Greene County, Alabama</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Alabama turns out to have around 4 million people in it today. It's amazing when you compare the historical population sizes of certain counties against the 4 million people that live in Alabama today. One particular county is <b><u>Greene County, Alabama</u></b>. An amazing fact about Greene County, Alabama is that its population size has remained consistently small through out the years. Well it turns out that my Ridgeway family origins can be traced back to Greene County, Alabama. The small population size within Greene County, Alabama is what actually assisted in my discovery.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiI0zpHMhucH5GQeBR4d0rzm-6lvzG9hLUrwBPsXn60BDDXLA7SLoxtsFdOpeYo__cOVJ5NlF7xRHTtMT23bqytU_IcpJ3vYcav0gaqjV87Gkl1X9lTnGkdYhwOKqhTp3KC43bGQ1YEpw/s1600/Ridgway-Match2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiI0zpHMhucH5GQeBR4d0rzm-6lvzG9hLUrwBPsXn60BDDXLA7SLoxtsFdOpeYo__cOVJ5NlF7xRHTtMT23bqytU_IcpJ3vYcav0gaqjV87Gkl1X9lTnGkdYhwOKqhTp3KC43bGQ1YEpw/s320/Ridgway-Match2.JPG" width="230" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">1880 Census Of Isham Ridgeway Sr</span> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
After doing some extensive digging via concrete paper trails - it turns out that my earliest Ridgeway ancestors were Isham Ridgeway Sr and Martha Childs (Childs or Chiles) of Greene County, Alabama. Shown toward your right is the 1880 census and listing of my first known Ridgeway ancestors. There are two things to notice. First, notice that Isham Ridgway Sr has his last name spelled as "Ridgway" without the letter "e". Second, notice that Isham Ridgeway Sr's ethnicity is specified as "mulatto". Those two observations were actually a starting point on about a two year journey of paper trails, DNA data, patience and hunting which finally produced much success.<br />
<br />
<br />
Let's now take a look at that success!!!<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></h2>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><u>Enter Rezin Ridgway (1789-1866)</u></span></h2>
<div>
Having been involved with DNA Genealogy since 2011, I have learned a few things based on socio-cultural patterns which have traditionally have produced much success in both genealogy and history. For example, when the term "mulatto" is used within census data, from a social perspective, (not a scientific perspective), it usually means a few things:</div>
<div>
<ol>
<li>One of the parents, usually the father, was of European descent. Also the last name of father is usually carried over to the child as well.</li>
<li>One of the parents, usually the mother, was of African or non-European descent.</li>
<li>One of the parents, usually the father, may have been involved in the ownership of slaves and various transactions within the slave industry.</li>
</ol>
<div>
Going on the three points mentioned above, the hypothesis that I was working with was that Isham Ridgeway Sr was likely fathered by a slave owner in the area with the last name of Ridgway.<br />
<br />
In researching the Greene County area of Alabama, there was one individual that sparked my attention and was the only historic slave owner in the Greene County area with the last name of Ridgway - Rezin Ridgway (1789-1866). Born in 1789 within Berkeley County of Virginia, Rezin Ridgway appears to have been very active within Greene County, Alabama. There are all types of records online for Rezin Ridgway - including army, ownership of land, voting documents, census data, and not surprisingly, slave ownership records.<br />
<br />
Rezin Ridgway appears in the 1810 and 1820 census as owning slaves in Clark County, Kentucky. It was in Clark County, Kentucky that Rezin produced five sons and one daughter.<br />
<ol>
<li>Bradley Halley Ridgway (1811-1866)</li>
<li>Sephalon Ridgway (1813-1894)</li>
<li>Richard Ridgway (1814-1870)</li>
<li>James Ridgway (1819-1870)</li>
<li>John H Ridgway (1821-1864)</li>
<li>Mary Ridgway (1826 - ?)</li>
</ol>
<div>
It was in 1821 that Rezin Ridgway migrated to Greene County, Alabama and presumably brought his five sons and his slave plantation with him as well. (In fact - his son Bradley Ridgway was a commissioner in Boligee Alabama which is a town of about 500 people). So is Rezin Ridgway an ancestor to Isham Ridgway Sr and the line of Ridgways I am descended from?</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The answer to that question appears to yes!!!!!!!!! Let's take a look.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><u>DNA Evidence: Autosomal & Y-DNA Tests</u></span></h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The DNAMatches blog is mostly about the science behind DNA Genealogy. In this post however, I am going to give a quickie science reintroduction about two DNA tests: the Autosomal and Y-DNA tests. Then we will return to our discussion above about the Ridgway family lineage.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Both the autosomal and Y-DNA tests look at shared DNA segments between two or more people. For example, two first cousins will share unique DNA segments, because those cousins inherited those shared DNA segments from their grandparents. Let's think about that for a minute. Since you and your first cousin have the same grandparents, then it stand to reason that you and your cousin should share some identical DNA which was passed down from your grandparents. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
We all have 46 chromosomes. The first 44 chromosomes are called the autosomal chromosomes. The autosomal DNA test looks at shared DNA segments across the first 44 chromosomes. It looks at both sides of the family since you get 22 autosomal chromosomes from mom and 22 autosomal chromosomes from dad. The important unit of measurement to consider is the <u>centiMorgan (cM)</u> which is the <b>amount</b> of shared autosomal DNA between two people.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-UZBc8ykZwwDV96WkIVg4Xtl6W5bbstcS5wSbS1BCFKuqF4gqjZJr3DycEkOlr6OKsocYhajfE7bloJNOJXeo7YXJPTfklp-f8FmyG8AEDjqcaCuS7upi_krCAMdet3NjXirBWAmJlrg/s1600/Blog-1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-UZBc8ykZwwDV96WkIVg4Xtl6W5bbstcS5wSbS1BCFKuqF4gqjZJr3DycEkOlr6OKsocYhajfE7bloJNOJXeo7YXJPTfklp-f8FmyG8AEDjqcaCuS7upi_krCAMdet3NjXirBWAmJlrg/s320/Blog-1.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">(Close relatives of Marianne Ridgeway)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
To date - I have DNA tested nearly 15 people in my family. Take a look at the picture shown toward your right. (You can click this picture to make it bigger) Shown toward your right is the DNA results of my mother's aunt - Marianne Ridgeway. The people listed are a few of Marianne's matches. The column that states "shared cM" is the centiMorgan which is the amount of shared DNA between any two people. For example, notice that Marianne Ridgeway and her nephew, Richard Mitchell, share 962cMs of DNA. This 962cM of DNA was inherited from John Hoss Ridgeway Sr. John Sr is the shared common ancestor between Marianne and her nephew Richard.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggh3MlMoMMweLCUZQLzRQe5S3NrKPPPo0FoQnVk7klGhw7Qz-WgsefBUfhTdcP0FBJIwgzpSmqsgskArqAsdOjzRISMzcDHZwQAiu13RHrgVyU0jQqgM2dZZY0Wo9wfjTJZPPA91ziHFM/s1600/Blog-2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggh3MlMoMMweLCUZQLzRQe5S3NrKPPPo0FoQnVk7klGhw7Qz-WgsefBUfhTdcP0FBJIwgzpSmqsgskArqAsdOjzRISMzcDHZwQAiu13RHrgVyU0jQqgM2dZZY0Wo9wfjTJZPPA91ziHFM/s320/Blog-2.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">(New DNA match of Marianne Ridgeway)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
When you take a DNA test, you constantly get new matches that can appear at anytime. Each "match" is a person you share DNA with, which essentially is a new relative. You can get a new match tomorrow, next week, etc. Take at look on the left at a new match that came in recently for Marianne Ridgeway. The new match is Ms Donna Ruth Van Horn. Ms Van Horn is a descendant of Rezin Ridgeway (1789-1866).<br />
<br />
When the new match of Ms Van Horn came in, I have to admit that I got excited!!!! The initial thought that came into my head was that Rezin Ridgway was indeed an ancestor to my Ridgeway line. However, not so fast Sally!!!! (A joke hahaha). It's entirely possible that Marianne and Donna share an entirely <b>different</b> ancestor other than Rezin Ridgway. This can and does happen in DNA Genealogy. We simply need some more evidence. And sure enough more evidence came in!!!!<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiWgCaByF3G6hPl-8RbPJX9e76geSq1FPFWJqRsvzEfpU3dqScchaACvrrzzH6uUcK4nGzTR2EWqbcnoNod7JoWLBoM1t-W5cqRiKl1PcSQqCTW0tdTeuaIl3fJS7ZmFZ4Ps0zLNrYexA/s1600/Ridgway-Match2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiWgCaByF3G6hPl-8RbPJX9e76geSq1FPFWJqRsvzEfpU3dqScchaACvrrzzH6uUcK4nGzTR2EWqbcnoNod7JoWLBoM1t-W5cqRiKl1PcSQqCTW0tdTeuaIl3fJS7ZmFZ4Ps0zLNrYexA/s400/Ridgway-Match2.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">(DNA match between Randy Ridgway and Marianne Ridgeway)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Shown toward your right is a 2nd new match of Marianne Ridgeway that came in a week later. The match is a Mr Walter Randy Ridgway. Mr Randy Ridgway is a first cousin of Ms Donna Van Horn.<br />
<br />
Not surprisingly, Mr Randy Ridgway is a descendant of Rezin Ridgway as well. Indeed when Mr Randy Ridgway autosomal DNA results came in, it raised my eyebrow. <br />
<br />
<br />
As a bonus piece of evidence, my grand aunt Marianne Ridgeway also matched to the mother of Ms Donna Van Horn - Ms Elizabeth Moore as shown below.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg64Gtru0lDpuRDG1iQ2JIkl9PioalFfv5KCJVSO2FFpuyrv3H3LAj2FdfvUJGET5qMzAzTJpYaQI-_0UnOp5rWn94bMOhxHPIHpQwbuIQdLH99QkbRsHFHIN_TpMjGoRZ4SmKSfcbz56M/s1600/Ridgway-Match3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg64Gtru0lDpuRDG1iQ2JIkl9PioalFfv5KCJVSO2FFpuyrv3H3LAj2FdfvUJGET5qMzAzTJpYaQI-_0UnOp5rWn94bMOhxHPIHpQwbuIQdLH99QkbRsHFHIN_TpMjGoRZ4SmKSfcbz56M/s400/Ridgway-Match3.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">(An autosomal DNA match between Marianne Ridgeway and Elizabeth Moore)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Not only do Ms Donna Van Horn and Mr Randy Ridgway match Marianne Ridgeway, but both match the other Ridgeway members of my family as well. See the photos below from Gedmatch.<br />
<br />
Here is a match between Donna Van Horn and my grand uncle - John W. Ridgeway Jr shown below<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXpSUlG2o-Qkgkyr147D6QKq7ONmai6KH0T8h_SPAgz5Uo2BDAMeLeHxIJRj5e3JiV3a2YpTF_on-5Zke_LLeiEf5EZIF-ZRc3l_-Nt9GJ_l-PrRIhzpiXetRC0wR6kCPam93ieNDYaSc/s1600/Capture-5.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXpSUlG2o-Qkgkyr147D6QKq7ONmai6KH0T8h_SPAgz5Uo2BDAMeLeHxIJRj5e3JiV3a2YpTF_on-5Zke_LLeiEf5EZIF-ZRc3l_-Nt9GJ_l-PrRIhzpiXetRC0wR6kCPam93ieNDYaSc/s400/Capture-5.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">(An autosomal DNA match between John Ridgeway Jr and Donna Van Horn)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Here is match between Donna Van Horn and my grand aunt - Legertha Ridgeway shown below</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaeyoxueXd92HO9iVlm5UR3br3Ji7tz0n3GptMQs3CI_zHkH2Wgtb-e9jx3RXQ-hUhTp0IV7oQZQ6myl70w8jH5nKHBkT_frVZbriqW2JSMpzlMdTHU9OoaiwYDYYVi_QBPkTFCDwXPpo/s1600/Capture-6.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaeyoxueXd92HO9iVlm5UR3br3Ji7tz0n3GptMQs3CI_zHkH2Wgtb-e9jx3RXQ-hUhTp0IV7oQZQ6myl70w8jH5nKHBkT_frVZbriqW2JSMpzlMdTHU9OoaiwYDYYVi_QBPkTFCDwXPpo/s400/Capture-6.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">(An autosomal DNA match between Legertha Ridgeway and Donna Van Horn)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Here is a match between Donna Van Horn and mom's 2nd cousin - Leroy Ridgeway shown below</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1n_ouCFs-Qb4kvofwA-iHjPqcuv5MmX1Ud_1IItNfxhsAlNClA37XPyB236Auuig0MmTLsgfWVAzyvLQ-BE1M0VThCOL7QFameRsj_k7CPRZKhVd3sa_jTqQPQ2myStjkmjgYsjsNKW8/s1600/Capture-7.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1n_ouCFs-Qb4kvofwA-iHjPqcuv5MmX1Ud_1IItNfxhsAlNClA37XPyB236Auuig0MmTLsgfWVAzyvLQ-BE1M0VThCOL7QFameRsj_k7CPRZKhVd3sa_jTqQPQ2myStjkmjgYsjsNKW8/s400/Capture-7.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">(An autosomal DNA match between Leroy Ridgeway and Donna Van Horn)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
With this new autosomal DNA evidence in hand, it's a fairly strong case to make that Rezin Ridgway is indeed an ancestor to me and my Ridgeway relatives. However the DNA evidence that sealed the deal was the Y-DNA evidence which we will look at next.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">DNA EVIDENCE</span> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">PART 2: Y-DNA</span></u></span></h3>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The 2nd DNA test is called the Y-DNA test. All humans have 46 chromosomes. In men - the 46th chromosome is called the Y-chromosome or Y-DNA. (The 46th chromosome in a woman is the X-chromosome or X-DNA). The Y-chromosome is passed down from father to son to grandson to great-grandson, etc in a linear fashion like this:<br />
<br />
Father (Y-DNA) -> Son (Y-DNA) -> Great-GrandSon (Y-DNA) -> 2nd Great-GrandSon (Y-DNA) -> etc.<br />
<br />
In my family - I have performed a Y-DNA test from Family Tree DNA on two of my Ridgeway relatives:<br />
<ol>
<li>Leroy Ridgeway - 1st cousin of Marianne Ridgeway</li>
<li>John W Ridgeway Jr - Full sibling of Marianne Ridgeway</li>
<li>(Both Leroy and John Jr are first cousins to each other)</li>
</ol>
<div>
Here are the respective Y-DNA paths for each John and Leroy shown below:</div>
<div>
<ol>
<li>Isham Ridgeway Sr -> Isom Jr -> John Hoss Ridgeway Sr -> John Jr -> <span style="color: red;">Y-DNA</span></li>
<li>Isham Ridgeway Sr -> Isom Jr -> RJ Ridgeway -> Leroy Ridgeway -> <span style="color: red;">Y-DNA</span></li>
</ol>
<div>
Going by the above paths - we can predict that both John and Leroy should have the same <span style="color: red;">Y-DNA </span>and should <b>match</b>. This of course is true. Take a look at the below photo showing the Y-DNA results of both Leroy and John Jr Ridgeway. For now, focus on the numbers starting at 13. I will explain what these numbers mean shortly. However notice, not surprisingly, that John and Leroy both match. Match meaning they have the same numbers.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjwXggyZxBoq-R_88QoxTNPRBqIyEp6AS8I19SdoPjZBKwIWXe5x1UgB4l8aqHAQ-v4j4z28eIkrKSsK-BDmfjYtUFO-MrIVCCXcwH8XSpJmX4UMTAfhqPrcNsLtW9oU9zo45cFAvr4rw/s1600/leroy-john-match.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="20" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjwXggyZxBoq-R_88QoxTNPRBqIyEp6AS8I19SdoPjZBKwIWXe5x1UgB4l8aqHAQ-v4j4z28eIkrKSsK-BDmfjYtUFO-MrIVCCXcwH8XSpJmX4UMTAfhqPrcNsLtW9oU9zo45cFAvr4rw/s640/leroy-john-match.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">(Y-DNA Test Results Of Leroy And John Ridgeway Jr)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div>
The matching of <span style="color: red;">Y-DNAs</span> between both Leroy and John Ridgeway Jr is to be expected since they both inherited the same Y-DNA from their grandfather - Isom Ridgeway Jr. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b><u>The next key question is this:</u></b><br />
How can we determine if the Y-DNA of Rezin Ridgway will or will not match the Y-DNA's of either Leroy or John W Ridgeway Jr? The answer is that we would need a known male descendant of Rezin Ridgway whom is descended from Rezin Ridgway via an unbroken chain of males. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Fortunately we have the perfect test candidate - Mr Walter Randy Ridgway.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; text-decoration: underline;">DNA EVIDENCE</span><u> </u></b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><u><b>PART 3: Y-DNA Results</b></u> </span></span><br />
I met Mr Walter Randy Ridgway within the month of March 2016. Since then it has been a pleasure. Before meeting Mr Walter Ridgway, there was no known Y-DNA data on file from a male descendant of Rezin Ridgway. Here is the paternal line of descent from Rezin Ridgway to Mr Randy Ridgway.<br />
<ol>
<li>Rezin Ridgway -> James F Ridgway -> William W Ridgway -> Walter R Ridgway Sr -> Walter R Ridgway Jr -> Randy Ridgway -> <span style="color: blue;">Y-DNA</span></li>
</ol>
<div>
What's special about the Y-DNA or Y-chromosome is that it's passed down virtually unchanged in a straightforward manner with no <u style="font-weight: bold;">loss</u> of DNA. This is different from an autosomal chromosome where a percentage of your autosomal DNA is repeatably lost as you go back in time. For example - 50% of your autosomal DNA is from a parent, 25% of your autosomal DNA is from a grandparent, etc. This doesn't happen to the Y-DNA.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Shown below is an example of a person's Y-DNA results. A person's Y-DNA result is called a haplotype. (This person happens to be me - Steve Handy)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwFitfYULApBZYUWe3cK-Dlao4EDevRMFia55ZrB7RR84TEjrJmHQ-d5TK-z8hidPm8_dHbPwNc66ejYORnC8ueHyeKyi1IGdueer1leuMVyqEGIvCtOizn4isdTPyc-ZAa5tAYfX3XeE/s1600/y-DNA-Steve.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="64" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwFitfYULApBZYUWe3cK-Dlao4EDevRMFia55ZrB7RR84TEjrJmHQ-d5TK-z8hidPm8_dHbPwNc66ejYORnC8ueHyeKyi1IGdueer1leuMVyqEGIvCtOizn4isdTPyc-ZAa5tAYfX3XeE/s640/y-DNA-Steve.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Y-DNA Results - Steve Handy (Me)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
If you click the above picture of my Y-DNA results shown above, you will see a set of numbers 15, 21, 17, etc. These numbers are repeats of a specific DNA sequence. The specific DNA sequence is given a name such as DYS393. For example, DYS393=15 means a DNA sequence is repeated 15 times. When two or more men have the same number of repeats across multiple DNA sequences (DYS393, DYS390,etc), those men are considered a "match".<br />
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Mr Randy Ridgway took the Y-DNA test at Family Tree DNA. Shown below are the results of Mr Randy Ridgway when compared against Mr Leroy and Mr John W Ridgeway Jr</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ0PJIvuqrZ6QJB-JzP3rko16kvkB8UUn4SYeiCWtNUd8FxNjbfWLHTY_iXUbMI_CTXXirOb7GjYEXwVfhzUTJJKpRQGSU5n5xMBp9Wp7O8ifGGbEpLJDkqAtfxzRpFGPTMSOYAsMY4oo/s1600/y-DNA-match.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="82" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ0PJIvuqrZ6QJB-JzP3rko16kvkB8UUn4SYeiCWtNUd8FxNjbfWLHTY_iXUbMI_CTXXirOb7GjYEXwVfhzUTJJKpRQGSU5n5xMBp9Wp7O8ifGGbEpLJDkqAtfxzRpFGPTMSOYAsMY4oo/s640/y-DNA-match.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">(Y-DNA Comparison Of Leroy, John, and Randy Ridgway)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
As you can see in the above photo, both Leroy and John Ridgeway Jr <b><u>match</u></b> to Randy Ridgway!!!!!! In other words, all three men (Leroy, John, and Randy) all inherited their Y-DNA from the same male ancestor who clearly is Rezin Ridgway when considering all available evidence in this case.<br />
<br />
Now it should be mentioned that a family of brothers with the same father will all have the same Y-DNA. This begs the question: Could it be that one of Rezin's brothers, (Yes Rezin had brothers), produced the line of Ridgways I am descended from? Or another fair question to ask is this -> Did Rezin Ridgway or one of his sons actually father Isham Ridgeway Sr around 1840?<br />
<br />
Questions like these must considered which brings us to the final part of this post.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><u>Checking ALL The Evidence</u></span></h2>
</div>
<div>
We have arrived at the final part of the post. This part is entitled - "Checking All The Evidence". At this point, it's pretty clear that either Rezin Ridgway or another male ancestor on his paternal side is an ancestor to my Ridgeway family. That's the conclusion that can be drawn from the Y-DNA evidence alone and nothing else.<br />
<br />
But let's check and make sure that Rezin Ridgway is indeed the ancestor, (which he clearly is), when considering all the evidence. Although the evidence at this point is fairly definitive, there are some questions on the table which need addressing. Let take a look at some these questions.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><u><span style="font-size: small;">Could A Brother Of Rezin Ridgway Be The Ancestor?</span></u><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">This is a fair question to ask. The main reason for this is that any two or more full brothers will all have the same Y-DNA they inherited from their father. In other words, given Y-DNA photo shown above, how do we know that the Y-DNA sequence as shown isn't from a brother of Rezin Ridgway?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">To answer this question we have to look at secondary forms of evidence. Rezin Ridgway had three brothers born in Virginia:</span><br />
<ol>
<li>John Ridgway (1777-1830)</li>
<li>Zachariah Jackson Ridgway (1784-1871)</li>
<li>Ninian Ridgway (1786-1869)</li>
</ol>
<div>
On record - none of his brothers ever visited Greene County, Alabama. Only Rezin Ridgway settled and moved his plantation operation to Greene County, Alabama in 1821. This of course is circumstantial evidence. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijPSacem5i52NlLFtHpHR4ERDBhQ-fugQqlcRB7cNOIxtVmYTbkkLwttzTScIBOoKLXAIrMt1QaS_SUwJT45FxiXOqNbkO3iyHExtyIlQnZttnMovWLvjBRZ4ZFPSiHOFiW_EyLZ6fxR0/s1600/Ridgway-Match.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijPSacem5i52NlLFtHpHR4ERDBhQ-fugQqlcRB7cNOIxtVmYTbkkLwttzTScIBOoKLXAIrMt1QaS_SUwJT45FxiXOqNbkO3iyHExtyIlQnZttnMovWLvjBRZ4ZFPSiHOFiW_EyLZ6fxR0/s320/Ridgway-Match.JPG" width="208" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">(Isom Ridgeway Sr And Family In Boligee, Alabama circa 1900)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
A second more definitive piece of evidence actually comes from the 1900 census record. In this record shown toward your right, we see my ancestor - Isom Ridgway Sr with his children and grandchildren. (Please note that the spelling of the last name of Ridgway is incorrect) If you look in the census, it is specified, in yellow, that Isom Sr's father was born in Kentucky!!!!! Now remember that all of Rezin Ridgway's sons were born in Clark County, Kentucky as well. No brother of Rezin was born in Kentucky. So this document is in agreement with the idea that Rezin Ridgway, more specifically one of his sons, fathered Isom Sr.<br />
<br />
<br />
A third indirect piece of evidence comes from some more autosomal DNA data. If you remember, Rezin Ridgway produced five sons in Clark County, KY. The woman whom Rezin Ridgway had these sons with was Mary Halley (1790-1842). If a son of Rezin Ridgway and Mary Halley fathered Isom Ridgeway Sr, then it stands to reason that a descendant should contain DNA segments from Mary Halley as well!!! Indeed this appears to be the case.<br />
<br />
It turns out that some of my Ridgeway relatives, including myself, have DNA matches to people who are known descendants of James Halley (1707-1792) and Elizabeth Simpson (1717-1785). Both James and Elizabeth Halley were the grandparents of Mary Halley.<br />
<br />
Here is a DNA match of mine from AncestryDNA. The match is a descendant of James Halley (1707-1792) and Elizabeth Simpson (1717-1785). See and click both photos below. The match's name is D.L.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKESv9oQNQLinDtxXrSfTfGQTUrUzTrm7hEwxOK8jcHkt5vqIhvAMhOFdf3WuFyoIm_nyV-ZuIkysmKtPrN9pYZZegynRosOfLfnDlJxdTf0D3SMvl5cDleYHs9U4qguwyQ3vcdO4sDjw/s1600/Capture.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKESv9oQNQLinDtxXrSfTfGQTUrUzTrm7hEwxOK8jcHkt5vqIhvAMhOFdf3WuFyoIm_nyV-ZuIkysmKtPrN9pYZZegynRosOfLfnDlJxdTf0D3SMvl5cDleYHs9U4qguwyQ3vcdO4sDjw/s400/Capture.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRNG_FepFKxjH7V_I5ixuWBDtQJS4DTwelv3gSTqp2FnwjjfsYBg8uSAsIzi0hqQxKrPNqRrKdS8sjSaRKlUcj_QHpWumJGWPJP8TCXJIQ7JrAU1RmdCy5VtTmCtRhR08uDHEDagqVR1U/s1600/Capture-2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRNG_FepFKxjH7V_I5ixuWBDtQJS4DTwelv3gSTqp2FnwjjfsYBg8uSAsIzi0hqQxKrPNqRrKdS8sjSaRKlUcj_QHpWumJGWPJP8TCXJIQ7JrAU1RmdCy5VtTmCtRhR08uDHEDagqVR1U/s400/Capture-2.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Here is a DNA match to my Ridgeway cousin, Joetta Willis. The match is a descendant of James Halley (1707-1792) and Elizabeth Simpson (1717-1785). The match's name is PWalkerHampton.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigR5Sn_4lm2ghblXVtcPdQ0-s8R3JjmHL4MDkvlcCEwkO0UzE3Y84o4kEklAZp169fs_Vgl3DAnJk3SZrVG7npSvsL1kd2Bl1VyKFQJGUipv1OUvEPDq9JJNO1d4BRK1q3USKuyLj1VsY/s1600/Capture-3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="157" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigR5Sn_4lm2ghblXVtcPdQ0-s8R3JjmHL4MDkvlcCEwkO0UzE3Y84o4kEklAZp169fs_Vgl3DAnJk3SZrVG7npSvsL1kd2Bl1VyKFQJGUipv1OUvEPDq9JJNO1d4BRK1q3USKuyLj1VsY/s400/Capture-3.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMIcsYak0IK4ZiViHaBpMqwEIXQKmuQ2PhSoNk3i1EBYP8DHBST85M0rB-SBH41f4RAU46fq01Ob8cjzeIBsW1X3BUDkU4X0rsQ93c_bpoflt5JVg4tv_OIKjBXBsEOmdPzbW7qWiC_Go/s1600/Capture-4.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMIcsYak0IK4ZiViHaBpMqwEIXQKmuQ2PhSoNk3i1EBYP8DHBST85M0rB-SBH41f4RAU46fq01Ob8cjzeIBsW1X3BUDkU4X0rsQ93c_bpoflt5JVg4tv_OIKjBXBsEOmdPzbW7qWiC_Go/s400/Capture-4.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
And here is a match belonging to my mom's 2nd cousin - Leroy Ridgeway. The match is a descendant of James Halley (1707-1792) and Elizabeth Simpson (1717-1785). The match's name is Ms Geri Cook. <span style="text-align: center;">In the 2nd photo below highlighted is Francis Halley. Francis Halley is the child of </span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;">James Halley (1707-1792) and Elizabeth Simpson (1717-1785)</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOGGutdOdtfwgTrw6x7_vMGf_H0APw17pScKYsc85Xp9b5HSYyZtctXVUoW5IsANG76aWHBikRxkMb8hL3LUBSJK6Zx8Mr9dploUkzfIDAsZz5YCY5cj1n0ThNzC1kHkkeZPcPFOSYt_o/s1600/Halley-leroy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOGGutdOdtfwgTrw6x7_vMGf_H0APw17pScKYsc85Xp9b5HSYyZtctXVUoW5IsANG76aWHBikRxkMb8hL3LUBSJK6Zx8Mr9dploUkzfIDAsZz5YCY5cj1n0ThNzC1kHkkeZPcPFOSYt_o/s400/Halley-leroy.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5w_OMR3O7Cb8V69v22WZpA3bCksvtCcKwgE8N_lf0E1qNqWIJH1f64Au4ACwm7BJ1uMSWTp1haY5dVISEazl-g2yLeib1wJVC-Nom1KWliYjNmb2q_s_Iu40N8oS-7Ufre7EgpBQGs-w/s1600/Halley-leroy2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5w_OMR3O7Cb8V69v22WZpA3bCksvtCcKwgE8N_lf0E1qNqWIJH1f64Au4ACwm7BJ1uMSWTp1haY5dVISEazl-g2yLeib1wJVC-Nom1KWliYjNmb2q_s_Iu40N8oS-7Ufre7EgpBQGs-w/s400/Halley-leroy2.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
The fact that me and my Ridgeway relatives are all matching DNA with individuals who are known descendants of James Halley (1707-1792) and Elizabeth Simpson (1717-1785) is not a coincidence. Therefore considering ALL the available evidence, it's pretty clear that a son of Rezin Ridgway did father Isom Ridgeway Sr back around 1840 in Greene County, Alabama. The question now is which son???</div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Now let's see if we can answer that question.<br />
<br /></div>
<h3 style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><u>Which Son Of Rezin Ridgway Fathered Isom Ridgeway Sr?</u></span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">This is actually an open question which yet has to be answered. The answer to this question is that it's unknown which son fathered Isom Sr. What is known is that Rezin Ridgway's son, Bradley Ridgway, actually inherited many of the slaves from his father. Bradley Ridgway was also the commissioner of Boligee, Alabama which is a small town in Greene County, Alabama. Isom Sr and his family lived in Boligee, Alabama around 1900.<br /><br />Another son of Rezin Ridgway to consider was Richard Simpson Ridgway </span>(1814-1870). From information given by Mr Randy Ridgway, Richard Ridgway never married and wasn't known to have any legitimate children. In addition, Richard Ridgway was the overseer on the Bradley H. Ridgway plantation. Being the overseer puts Richard Ridgway in a position of more direct contact with slave women as I was told.<br />
<br />
Well that's it!!!!! After two years of constant dedication to research, a brick wall has been knocked down and an extension of the Ridgeway family has occurred!!!!! I look forward to meeting my new Ridgeway (Oh excuse me - its spelled "Ridgway") cousins!!!!</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
DNAMatcheshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13455255744098073887noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7364864600411811248.post-58414497553534015232013-09-12T13:04:00.001-07:002013-09-12T13:04:48.143-07:00Procedure For Finding Shared Matches Using Excel<span style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">Finding Shared Matches In Excel.</span><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><br></div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">Good Day Everyone,</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><br></div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "> I wanted to present a simple way use Microsoft Excel to compare and find shared matches between two or people. The initial steps first requires you to have Excel 2007, 2010 on your Windows machine. Then you need to go on 23andMe to the Countries of Ancestry Page and grab any two persons Ancestry Finder csv files.</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><br></div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><b><u>Here is how you get to the Ancestry Finder csv file for single person.</u></b></div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">a) Login to 23andMe account</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">b) Then at top - My Results -> Ancestry Tools -> Countries Of Ancestry</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">c) On the Countries Of Ancestry Page - click drop down window for each person. Pull down web page and on bottom - double click the blue button that says - "Download.........Ancestry Finder File"</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">d) save csv file to your computer</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><br></div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><u><b>Here is how you create the spreadsheet</b></u></div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">a) double click each csv file for each user. Excel opens up. </div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">b) then copy the column that says matches for a particular person into another spreadsheet. Do the same with another person. The result should be a single spreadsheet with a minimum of two columns that you are comparing.</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><br></div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><b><u>Here is how to run VBA code to compare columns</u></b></div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">1) Open up new excel spreadsheet with names of matches of two or more people.</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><br></div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">2) In the new excel spreadsheet - hit ATL and F11 key. This opens the visual basics editor to run code.</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><br></div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">3) In the visual basic editor - on the toolbar - look for small green arrow pointing to the right. Looks like a small green triangle. click this green triangle</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><br></div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">4) This opens a small window. Give your script a name and click create button.</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><br></div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">5) erase code in the window and replace with this code:</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><br></div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">Dim CompareRange As Variant, To_Be_Compared As Variant, x As Variant, y As Variant</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">str1 = InputBox("Enter Column Name to be Compared")</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">str2 = InputBox("Enter Column Name to Compare")</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">str3 = InputBox("Enter Column Name to put the Result")</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">Range(str1 & "1").Select</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">Selection.End(xlDown).Select</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">Set To_Be_Compared = Range(str1 & "1:" & Selection.Address)</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">Range(str2 & "1").Select</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">Selection.End(xlDown).Select</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">Set CompareRange = Range(str2 & "1:" & Selection.Address)</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">i = 1</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">To_Be_Compared.Select</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">For Each x In Selection</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">For Each y In CompareRange</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">If x = y Then</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">Range(str3 & i).Value = x</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">i = i + 1</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">End If</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">Next y</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">Next x</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">End Sub</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><br></div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">6) Press the small green triangle button again. this runs the code and you will be prompted to enter the row letters that you want to compare and what column to place the results in</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><br></div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">7) The result is your spreadsheet will have a new column with shared matches.</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><br></div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">Here is the URL with the instructions starting at line that says: "Find duplicate values in two columns with VBA code"</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><br></div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">URL - <a href="http://www.extendoffice.com/documents/excel/774-excel-find-duplicates-in-two-columns.html" x-apple-data-detectors="true" x-apple-data-detectors-type="link" x-apple-data-detectors-result="0">http://www.extendoffice.com/documents/excel/774-excel-find-duplicates-in-two-columns.html</a></div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><br></div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">Thanks</div><div style="font-family: Noteworthy; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0976563); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(191, 107, 82, 0.496094); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">Steve</div>DNAMatcheshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13455255744098073887noreply@blogger.com2The Loop Chicago41.878023 -87.637381tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7364864600411811248.post-24884415382851856602013-05-29T10:31:00.001-07:002017-07-22T12:59:30.114-07:00Understanding Correlations and Debunking Misconceptions In DNA Genealogy<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Good
Day Everyone - How is everyone doing. Fine I hope. In this tutorial, we
are going to get a firm grasp on the basis of genetics as it relates to
DNA genealogy. The reason for a return to the basics is to debunk
certain misconceptions that seem to be currently floating around in the
general public concerning DNA Genealogy. Debunking a misconception is
important. It's important because when a consumer purchases a product,
he or she has expectations that the product will fulfill. When those
expectations are fueled by misconceptions, the consumer may develop
unrealistic expectations that naturally don't get fulfilled. It's sad
and unfortunate, but it's a common practice to use a misconception to
sell a product. In science, this is a common occurrence and is easily
rectifiable with a return to the basics. </span><br />
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">With that in mind - let's begin our discussion.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><b><u>DNA - The Basics</u></b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">DNA Genealogy is very popular today. In an age where technology allows a person to send in small DNA sample and get results quickly, many expectations are formed. This is of course logical. If you pay for a product you expect results. However no matter how popular DNA Genealogy is, DNA Genealogy is still based on a science. That science is <b style="color: #38761d;">Genetics</b>. In genetics - the pot of gold is DNA.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">DNA</span></b> stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA sits inside nearly all the cells of a single living thing. DNA carries and transmits biological information from parents to offspring. This is the fundamental principle behind the science of genetics. In fact - in genetics there is an equation called the Central Dogma Of Life</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> <u><b><span style="color: #6fa8dc;">DNA</span></b> -> <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">RNA</span></b> -> <b><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Protein</span></b></u></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> (Central Dogma Of Life)</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The above equation is how all life proceeds. Since life has been here on the planet, this is how life, biologically speaking, works. When dealing with genetics, a feature, concept, or any defined entity must somehow fit into the above equation. Technically in genetics, something must be <u>an attribute of a genetic mutation</u> for it have an basis in genetics.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">For example, sickle-cell anemia is an inheritable disorder that can be passed along from a parent to its offspring. The reason is that a single mutation in a gene causes this disorder. In other words - sickle-cell anemia is an attribute of a genetic mutation. Sickle-cell anemia is an inheritable trait and it fits into the fundamental principle of genetics.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">It's at this point where misconceptions can arise. What are those misconceptions? Let's a took.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><b><u>Misconceptions In DNA Genealogy</u></b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Misconceptions in DNA Genealogy generally stems from a misunderstanding of the basics in genetics. Many of the present misconceptions generally take the form of some defined construct that's <u>NOT inheritable</u> and <u>NOT an attribute of a genetic mutation.</u> The most popular misconceptions in the general public specifically deal concepts such as race, religion, nationality, ethnicity, and geographical point of origin as having some genetic basis. For this tutorial - let's focus on ethnicity. </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Ethnicity is a socially defined category based on common culture or nationality. For example - the term "African-American" - typically refers to a group of people whose ancestors were apart of the West African slave trade during the 1700s. You can expand the definition of ethnicity as it's deemed fit, but no matter how you look at it, ethnicity is socially defined and self determined. Ethnicity is a social construct devised by humans. If a person wants to place themselves in a different ethnic designation over night, then he or she can do that.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">However <u>ethnicity is NOT an inheritable trait</u>. In other words - ethnicity is not an attribute of a genetic mutation. Your ethnicity is NOT reflected in your DNA. There is simply no way that it can be reflected in your DNA. Long before humans came along and devised social constructs, life evolved the ability to transmit features from parent to offspring within the DNA molecule, not transmit social designations within the DNA molecule. You can change your ethnic or racial designation, name, location, and religious affiliation. However you can't change your DNA.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Another popular misconception deals with the word "<b>Ancestry</b>". Like so many words, a word can have different meanings in different contexts. In genetics, ancestry means <u>common descent</u>. Ancestry in genetics means when two or more individuals share a unique feature that's derived from a common ancestor. The problem that occurs is when the term ancestry is given a social tone and then used in a scientific and objective arena. </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">These misconceptions mentioned above are very popular within the general public. Why the popularity? Well that's where the term <u><b>correlation</b></u> comes in. Let's take a look.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><b><u>Understanding Correlations: Beauty And The Beast</u></b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">If you have taken statistics before, then you probably have come across the term "correlation". Correlations are like a doubled-edged sword. On one hand, a correlation can be useful. On the other hand, a correlation can dangerous and misleading.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Simply put, a <b>correlation</b> is a <u>casual relationship or association</u> between two or more variables. Correlations are a major reason for the popularity of many of the misconceptions that exist in genetics and thus DNA Genealogy. Many of the so-called BGA, Admixture, Or Ethnic Population tests on the market are based on correlations. That's why those tests are very convincing.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">A simple example of a correlation is between time and highway traffic. In many major metropolitan cities across the US, highway traffic tends to occurs at specific times of the day. For example in Chicago, Illinois, Interstate 94 is a major highway system that leads in and out of the downtown area of Chicago. Interstate 94 experiences a consistent and heavy amount of traffic between the times of <a href="x-apple-data-detectors://0" x-apple-data-detectors-result="0" x-apple-data-detectors-type="calendar-event" x-apple-data-detectors="true">6am-9am</a> in the morning and <a href="x-apple-data-detectors://1" x-apple-data-detectors-result="1" x-apple-data-detectors-type="calendar-event" x-apple-data-detectors="true">4pm-7pm</a> in the evening. This happens so regularly at the above times, that the term "rush hour traffic" is used to label the phenomena.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Rush hour traffic is a simple example of a correlation. Here we have a casual relationship or strong association between time (one variable) and traffic (a second variable). Correlations can be useful in certain situations. Let's read and find out why.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><b><u>Understanding Correlations: The Beauty</u></b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">A correlation can be useful because it can have strong predictive power in certain circumstances. For example - in our simple example above, if highway traffic consistently occurs <a href="x-apple-data-detectors://2" x-apple-data-detectors-result="2" x-apple-data-detectors-type="calendar-event" x-apple-data-detectors="true">at 6am-9am</a> every morning, then one can logically predict that since a highway will experience major traffic, one can avoid it. Many of us subconsciously use correlations on a daily basis to make predictions in order to adjust our behavior accordingly.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">However correlations can have a dangerous side as well. Let's see why!!!! </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><b><u>Understanding Correlations: The Beast</u></b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Correlations can be very dangerous and misleading. This is especially true in science. If you have ever heard the term "Correlation Does Not Imply Causation", then you know why correlations can be dangerous. The danger from a correlation is when the casual relationship between variables is perceived of as a direct or cause-effect relationship.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Here is an example of some dangerous logic -> "The heavy rush hour traffic is caused by it being between <a href="x-apple-data-detectors://3" x-apple-data-detectors-result="3" x-apple-data-detectors-type="calendar-event" x-apple-data-detectors="true">4pm-6pm</a>."</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Going back to our simple traffic correlation example, if heavy highway consistently occurs at a specific time, then one may actually believe that time actually causes the traffic. This of course is not true. Time does NOT cause the traffic. The traffic is caused by the fact that most people have current work hours that end at a time between <a href="x-apple-data-detectors://4" x-apple-data-detectors-result="4" x-apple-data-detectors-type="calendar-event" x-apple-data-detectors="true">4pm - 6pm</a>. The result is that many people between those hours simply head to the highway which actually causes the congestion and traffic.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">This is why correlations can be quite dangerous. A consistently confirmed prediction from a correlation can lead to a false belief that one variable is the result of another variable. When dealing with correlations - what you want is to identify the <u>cause of the casual relationship</u> between the variables. That's the key. It's important to understand that there is a big difference between a casual or associative relationship versus a direct relationship. For example, there is a direct relationship between high blood pressure and salt. There is no correlation between salt and high blood pressure. Salt actually causes high blood pressure. </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Now that we have a solid understanding of correlations, let's turn our attention back to DNA Genealogy</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><b><u>Correlations In DNA Genealogy</u></b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">If you are wondering if correlations exist in DNA Genealogy - then you are correct. In fact, correlations in genetics is a major reason for the spread and popularity of many of the misconceptions that were mentioned in this tutorial. In genetics, correlations take the form of known and studied DNA markers that are strongly associated with certain defined ethnic populations. This association is actually the basis for many of the so-called Admixture or Ethnic Population Tests such as Docadad Admixture, and for companies such as DNATribes, African-Ancestry, etc to market a product.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">A good example of a correlation in DNA Genealogy is between a haplogroup and ethnic population. A haplogroup is a population of people that share a unique set of DNA markers on either the mtDNA or Y-chromosome. For example - the Y-DNA haplogroup known as Q-M3 has a strong association with the ethnic group known as Native Americans. In fact - the association is so strong that it can be used a strong predictor in certain cases.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Another example of a correlation is between an AIM and a geographic region. AIM stands for Ancestry Informative Marker which is basically a DNA marker that's present at a high frequency in a population. Certain AIMs are strongly associated to certain populations that have a known geographic origin. For instance - the Duffy Null allele is an AIM that has nearly a 100% frequency in Sub-Saharan Africans. AIMs are the basis for BGA tests such as Population Finder or Ancestry Composition. </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">With such powerful correlations in genetics can someone's ethnicity, race, religion, or geographical point of origin be determined from their respective genetics?</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><b><u>Dangers Of Correlations in DNA Genealogy</u></b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The answer to the previous question that was asked two sentences above is a simple no. A correlation may seem very persuasive but it's nevertheless still a correlation. No matter how strong a correlation is - <u>a casual relationship is NOT a direct relationship</u>. <u>Simply put your ethnicity, race, religion, or etc is NOT a product of your genetics</u>. In genetics, the golden rule is that a defined entity must be an attribute of a genetic mutation. If the golden rule is not there, then it doesn't hold water in genetics. </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">It's understandable why it can be hard for someone to separate their ethnicity or any social construct from their respective genetics. A correlation can generate an illusion of a direct relationship when there actually is NOT such a direct relationship. The situation is made worse when you have various companies advertising such fallacies. For example, the term "<u><b>genetic ethnicity</b></u>" is used by certain organizations in order to sell a product. However, a solution in dealing with a correlation is step back and understand the <u><i>reason</i> for the casual or associative relationship</u>. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In this case, why is there an strong association between certain genetic markers and certain ethnic populations?</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The reason has to do with an ethnic population's <u>martial and reproductive patterns</u> not their genetics. Let's assume a unique genetic marker arises in a population via a mutation. If the members of that population reproduce with only members of the same population for an extended amount of time, then an associative relationship will form. This is how a genetic marker can become associated with a population. The result is that a correlation will form. This is especially true if the population retains a <u>small size over time</u>. An example of this is with the ethnic group known as Native Americans. The Y-DNA haplogroup known as Q-M3 has a high frequency and strong association among Native American males. This is due to the strict, martial practices displayed over a long period of time. Many Native American males mated with only Native American women over time and simply never deviated from that practice.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Another way to expose a correlation is at the prediction level. For example - the Y-DNA haplogroup known as E1B1A has a strong association and frequency among African-American males. Going on correlation logic - a male who identifies himself as African-American should possess the E1B1A haplogroup. My 2nd cousin is Lewis Lamar. His ethnic designation is African-American and yet his Y-DNA haplogroup is R1b1a. </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">With that we will end our discussion on correlations and misconceptions in DNA Genealogy. I hope this tutorial has shed some light on the dangers of correlations in certain circumstances as well demystifying some prevalent misconceptions. So the next time you purchase a genetic ethnicity test, tell them you want your money back LOL!!!!!!!!!!</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Take Care</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Steve Handy</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.296875); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.296875); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</div>
DNAMatcheshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13455255744098073887noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7364864600411811248.post-26029062820432262202013-01-13T12:17:00.002-08:002013-01-14T15:00:21.932-08:00Handy And Curd Family Connection<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It's said that good things comes to those who wait. This may be true in DNA Genealogy as I have stumbled upon another discovery that was made on the Handy side of my family. This discovery was, not surprisingly, confirmed via DNA Genealogy. The difference being in this case, the new DNA Genealogical services of Ancestry.com lent a helping hand. Recently, Ancestry.com have entered the DNA Genealogical arms race with their new product - AncestryDNA. Let's take a look!!!!!</span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC-ToE-zW_TMvuczfMxNY0IQpD4hjeS45mgU8828tGc4VWAFYsS914GwSz7wzBDn0mPfzYnXewsf8PWSzLC3hjRPcBXoY975H4bCsMKDAuQ86LN3WplYE_hQ0rYGpEoSrrkb_2753tOXs/s1600/Handys.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC-ToE-zW_TMvuczfMxNY0IQpD4hjeS45mgU8828tGc4VWAFYsS914GwSz7wzBDn0mPfzYnXewsf8PWSzLC3hjRPcBXoY975H4bCsMKDAuQ86LN3WplYE_hQ0rYGpEoSrrkb_2753tOXs/s320/Handys.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">It appears that the Handys have Scottish ancestry.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Recently I took an interest in uncovering some of my surname ancestry. My last name is Handy. It was known that the Handy lineage, for which I am descended from, hail out of Nashville Tennessee. The earliest male Handy that was known was William Henry Handy (1881-1947). Shown in the picture toward your right are my uncles, father, and grandfather - William Ernest Handy Sr (1921-1994) shown far right. William Sr's brother, Clarence Handy (1922-1992), is shown in center with tie. William Henry Handy was the father of both Clarence and William Sr.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR04OqFFgNm_Xyqmtq5tyaj4x2-hu5zZOWZvENvo3Yxqzu5SeyOgK_ayWQZUjiIJwUlyz1O_0w67wtLH6iv9RXfzdcz1N4Ha7GiLDyrB3JZEm3x-863DCq6a0UDBDqEunK9IvlO9h6IQQ/s1600/henry-handy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR04OqFFgNm_Xyqmtq5tyaj4x2-hu5zZOWZvENvo3Yxqzu5SeyOgK_ayWQZUjiIJwUlyz1O_0w67wtLH6iv9RXfzdcz1N4Ha7GiLDyrB3JZEm3x-863DCq6a0UDBDqEunK9IvlO9h6IQQ/s320/henry-handy.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">William Henry Handy (1881-1947)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shown toward your left is William Henry Handy (1881-1947). Not to much was known about Henry Handy. Henry was born in Nashville Tennessee. Henry eventually migrated to Chicago, Illinois and worked for Chicago Steel Mills. Early in life, Henry Handy met and married Alberta Woodard in 1918. Other than that, not to much was known about Henry Handy. I was determined to gather information about Henry Handy's past. Therefore I turned to his SSN application.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_2PIvOLBQnSGxAEab4DfjokRDE7MD0m-yuop6TtcHi9GxW-0LvFj5yrU2monVKdpQXxZSpTRjJFEPOqUpsCaseCicRJnTW6NCd9ExpnpJnopbT4xtgc1r7tIDm5mOJaXIEbtxImUolDk/s1600/Henry-Handy-SSN.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_2PIvOLBQnSGxAEab4DfjokRDE7MD0m-yuop6TtcHi9GxW-0LvFj5yrU2monVKdpQXxZSpTRjJFEPOqUpsCaseCicRJnTW6NCd9ExpnpJnopbT4xtgc1r7tIDm5mOJaXIEbtxImUolDk/s320/Henry-Handy-SSN.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">SSN Application of William Henry Handy</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The eFOIA act is a wonderful law. Called the Freedom Of Information Act - it ensures public access to government records. When a person becomes deceased, their respective SSN is released into the public. You can then order the deceased SSN application. The reason for this is to get the parents of the deceased. Toward the right, is the SSN application of William Henry Handy. If you notice, Henry Handy gave the identities of his parents - Owen Handy (1862-1916) and Emma (1865 - ?). </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Notice that Henry Handy didn't give the last name of his mother. This is likely due to the fact that Emma's last name wasn't known at the time. It's actually Emma, and her ancestry, is what this blog article is about. Let's take a look!!!!</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCW8Q3rAh1MA3GSPvVb72xrp3_08dfa8XCefjFC0dfvcKeUWFqmjfrrlFEuXX33bJtIuYn0bq73nswArverpcxlwgvG3mBW690_FEpXfwuHFh0DznZaZvt4XU1gIAY7u2VX6II7_1n1U8/s1600/Owen-Handy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCW8Q3rAh1MA3GSPvVb72xrp3_08dfa8XCefjFC0dfvcKeUWFqmjfrrlFEuXX33bJtIuYn0bq73nswArverpcxlwgvG3mBW690_FEpXfwuHFh0DznZaZvt4XU1gIAY7u2VX6II7_1n1U8/s320/Owen-Handy.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">DC of Owen Handy (1862-1916)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The original goal was to uncover the strict paternal Handy ancestry. In other words, I was trying to discover the earliest known Handy male ancestor in my surname lineage. This has changed because currently, I don't have any information on Owen Handy's parents. That's okay because valuable information was learned in the process. Shown toward your left is the DC of Owen Handy, The informant was his daughter - Hannah Handy-Hudgkins. Henry Handy apparently had siblings. There was Hannah (1892-1945), Ira (1896-1910), and Jim (1902-1944). </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixO5fHc9DgS43JqK_mx3VWDhNQlPl0Z5rw1fnymnylN6880iZ0-V1vCDmqxBy0ZDmHA1IY4flHvdL5kCMx6PFKLMbTXdHfKo7EXagz1NzcKzjcnCMLj7jj4pHXSojTDLdskHQSHC2hv0Q/s1600/Emma-Marriage.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="88" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixO5fHc9DgS43JqK_mx3VWDhNQlPl0Z5rw1fnymnylN6880iZ0-V1vCDmqxBy0ZDmHA1IY4flHvdL5kCMx6PFKLMbTXdHfKo7EXagz1NzcKzjcnCMLj7jj4pHXSojTDLdskHQSHC2hv0Q/s320/Emma-Marriage.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Marriage Cert of Owen Handy and Emma Lanius.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Determined to gather history on Owen Handy, I did a search on Owen Handy on Ancestry.com. What I found out was that there was only a single marriage certificate associated to Owen Handy. Owen Handy married a woman named Emma Lanius. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If you remember - on Henry Handy's SSN Application, Henry Handy apparently could not recall the last name of his mother Emma. I then came to the conclusion that the Emma mentioned in the SSN application and the Emma mentioned the above marriage certificate, were the same woman. (As a side note, on both Ira and Jim Handy's DCs - Emma's last name of Lanius is fully stated). As we are going to see, the DNA evidence is going to help confirm Emma Lanius as an ancestor. Now let's look at Emma Lanius and her ancestry.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8zyGy8fVabARJepCg2TJeRh9nDS3VlXuf0SyFt9jD3tPHTS45bvUXwZLrHf3siJh7ItZKbJFduU8dY4wVQAsNWeEqiDJqFWPZpHnAfU9rq_oMwkU2jE20z5OpVQYpZ3kKhgHIcvcQuY4/s1600/Jane-Lanius.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8zyGy8fVabARJepCg2TJeRh9nDS3VlXuf0SyFt9jD3tPHTS45bvUXwZLrHf3siJh7ItZKbJFduU8dY4wVQAsNWeEqiDJqFWPZpHnAfU9rq_oMwkU2jE20z5OpVQYpZ3kKhgHIcvcQuY4/s320/Jane-Lanius.jpeg" width="243" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Emma Lanius aged 16 and Family</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shown toward the left is Emma Lanius, her siblings, and her parents. This was shown in the 1880 Census. Emma was 16 years old. The snapshot photo was taken from Ancestry.com. The actual photo is information on Emma Lanius's mother - Jane Curd. More on that in a second. Not much is known on Emma Lanius outside of her marriage to Owen Handy in 1882 and the children she bore by Owen Handy. One interesting fact is that Emma Lanius's younger sister, Mary Lavinia Lanius, did meet and marry a man named William Bridge. They both migrated to Texas where their descendants reside today. </span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Emma's parents were Matthew Lanius and <b>Jane Curd</b>. The maiden name of Curd is confirmed by the 1865 marriage certificate of Mattew Lanius and Jane Curd in the Tennessee Wilson County Area. (I will post it on the bottom of the blog)</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Notice two things before we move on. First - Jane Curd-Lanius was designated as being mulatto. In the old days back in the south, the term "mulatto" loosely meant that your father was European and mother was Negro. Second - Jane Curd's father was born in Tennessee. We will see why that's important shortly. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As a side note, Matthew Lanius's mother - Sallie Lanius (aged 50) is shown as well. </span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLYALEJ2mRiaGEpREtLP7iPAN5YnVq7ExrcT5LOIORofzy0qzWfL-BkFY4ViTePTsCD3ZZnlLml0V5iGmStSqKZrGDG4d7cOU8gMa_9bfM0Pj_5HDXg5bR9sTz7Ub6Ltgj4axP38e3JNc/s1600/Emma-Neigbors.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLYALEJ2mRiaGEpREtLP7iPAN5YnVq7ExrcT5LOIORofzy0qzWfL-BkFY4ViTePTsCD3ZZnlLml0V5iGmStSqKZrGDG4d7cOU8gMa_9bfM0Pj_5HDXg5bR9sTz7Ub6Ltgj4axP38e3JNc/s320/Emma-Neigbors.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Curd Relatives and Neighbors </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Before the DNA evidence came along, a valuable trick commonly used is to view and investigate the neighbors that lived near known ancestors and relatives. In the old days, many relatives near next door to each. In the 1880 census photo shown toward the right, there is a James A. Curd (1809-1876) and his family living one door from Jane Curd-Lanius. This same James A. Curd is present in the 1870 Census, living a few doors from Jane Curd. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It turns out that James A Curd was a known slave owner in the Wilson area at that time. In fact, his brother Price Curd (1808-1883), was an even bigger slave owner. I was coming to the conclusion that Price Curd was the father of Jane Curd. James A. Curd could be ruled out because he was born in Virginia, whereas Price Curd was born in Tennessee. In addition, James Curd only has a record of owning two male slaves in the 1840 Census. (At one point - Price Curd owned over 19 slaves in one year)</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If you remember from above that Jane Curd's father was noted as being born in Tennessee. Both James and Price Curd had siblings. Their sisters can easily be ruled out as a parent to Jane Curd. The younger brothers of James and Price Curd were either deceased before Jane Curd's birth in 1845 or much too young (1833) to be a parent. This leaves Price Curd as the <b>likely</b> parent of Jane Curd. In fact, let's take a look at the DNA evidence which confirms the connection between the Curd and Handy families.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEbwgH5C4v0j4m0QPZGr5Jl4QQMpWayYiCJDYiG3l_w8T-JSHLXrCsSSqETohDZrCNORJ1FUa-d8BxdFla5oNeAkk1a-5YkGhorai9pa6FrTFs7RbcedaJTWNwxO-CEThWBRCFZHjU3rI/s1600/Curd-DNA-Match.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEbwgH5C4v0j4m0QPZGr5Jl4QQMpWayYiCJDYiG3l_w8T-JSHLXrCsSSqETohDZrCNORJ1FUa-d8BxdFla5oNeAkk1a-5YkGhorai9pa6FrTFs7RbcedaJTWNwxO-CEThWBRCFZHjU3rI/s320/Curd-DNA-Match.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">DNA Evidence linking Curd and Handy Families</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">AncestryDNA is newest autosomal DNA testing service that's currently on the market. It's owned by Ancestry.com. I submitted a sample of my DNA. AncestryDNA provides matches who are essentially cousins. One of my matches is woman who goes by the username of MidgeEstes. Shown on the left is the DNA match. One of the nicest features with AncestryDNA is that you can link your DNA account to a pedigree tree. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As you can see, one of the shared common surnames is <b><u>Curd</u></b>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkFVgxmjH7ZJGOVqIXF4NMt5XGvODqm19LECLCEzSRXEsuMh77Se9mgJ7NwspfBtmgySJaBDU5CMl1Ooh8Yh6HvTHtCKGbZ5Zdq1JCqZq-OQMxutBKet1NE3Mgh4V5lIVdnDsvHy0PRO4/s1600/Estes-Curd-Tree.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="155" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkFVgxmjH7ZJGOVqIXF4NMt5XGvODqm19LECLCEzSRXEsuMh77Se9mgJ7NwspfBtmgySJaBDU5CMl1Ooh8Yh6HvTHtCKGbZ5Zdq1JCqZq-OQMxutBKet1NE3Mgh4V5lIVdnDsvHy0PRO4/s320/Estes-Curd-Tree.jpeg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> One of MidgeEstes ancestors was Elizabeth "Betsy" Curd (1738-1821). Elizabeth Curd was the great-grand aunt of Price Curd. Price Curd's great-grand father, John Curd, and Elizabeth Curd, were siblings. This means that their father - Edward Curd (Bet 1650-1670) is the common ancestor to MidgeEstes and myself. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirpKiw50vIf34U6DVfsjxDnPrMw6Kv44pIAZLDC8kg4oYANw4fD_6vgxXq_1BASC_z8-nlEWrPNnz1lSBD9ya329rAElWjLT7kckRuIah5jZ_OeL5xM2eJZKQbVOK8ncESg_llxNRVD18/s1600/Price-Curd.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirpKiw50vIf34U6DVfsjxDnPrMw6Kv44pIAZLDC8kg4oYANw4fD_6vgxXq_1BASC_z8-nlEWrPNnz1lSBD9ya329rAElWjLT7kckRuIah5jZ_OeL5xM2eJZKQbVOK8ncESg_llxNRVD18/s320/Price-Curd.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pedigree Of Edward Curd </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It appears that Edward Curd was born around 1650 in Scotland. He died in Henrico, Virginia in 1742. The amazing thing about this is the area of autosomal DNA that these DNA tests look at - generally isn't expectant to retain DNA from a 400 year period!!! Each generation you go back, you lose a percentage of DNA due to a natural biological process called - <b>recombination</b>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For MidgeEstes and myself to possess these type of autosomal DNA segments from an ancestor that lived over a 400 year period is amazing.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-Ag5uZSccRDbIR7_1PnpXSJMoj1HdHrxU9juk5AGS2hb3nCOtPYKqelKFLIBoWFmwxY1cLJPEbuuzIH5QTc3QPFrmz9RMQwB6WO1RFYFrzC1b2u74z-Gfg_oK1P7nr8KwSQrzvKgcGJA/s1600/Price-Curd-Slaves-1860.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-Ag5uZSccRDbIR7_1PnpXSJMoj1HdHrxU9juk5AGS2hb3nCOtPYKqelKFLIBoWFmwxY1cLJPEbuuzIH5QTc3QPFrmz9RMQwB6WO1RFYFrzC1b2u74z-Gfg_oK1P7nr8KwSQrzvKgcGJA/s320/Price-Curd-Slaves-1860.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1860 Slave Census Record of Price Curd</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shown below and toward the right are slave census records of my <b>presumed</b> ancestor - Price Curd (1808-1883). It appears that Price Curd owned many slaves. In the Wilson District Area of Tennessee between the years of 1840-1880s, there were many recorded African-American Curds - whom he and his brother James A Curd are likely the fathers.<br /><br />In this photo shown toward the right, Price Curd owned 19 slaves alone.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdsrr2USpByIjSn-LYZF6pe_E5WRGSyuQGbgVr9NBpRVsFwZ6Tjp8yEC1tl1YBs97zeU7ectTwuKfOoClSx21SeLFRTWuGxEbnE3nWm4itLJzY4FEfjlNeAnpYK4tVhN2PwLjGUHPNYyw/s1600/Price-Curd-1840.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdsrr2USpByIjSn-LYZF6pe_E5WRGSyuQGbgVr9NBpRVsFwZ6Tjp8yEC1tl1YBs97zeU7ectTwuKfOoClSx21SeLFRTWuGxEbnE3nWm4itLJzY4FEfjlNeAnpYK4tVhN2PwLjGUHPNYyw/s320/Price-Curd-1840.jpeg" width="277" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1840 Slave Census Record of Price Curd</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shown toward the left is the 1840 Slave Census record of Price Curd. In this record is likely the mother of Jane Curd (1840 - ?). In this photo, there are two African-American females are at or near age of 23. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As a side note - Price Curd's In-Laws were the Eatherlys. Price Curd's daughter - Emily Curd, married a James J Eartherly. On the 1882 marriage certificate of Owen Handy and Emma Lanius, there is a John Eatherly whom married and signed the certificate. It's very likely both James and John Eartherly were related. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As always - it has been a pleasure. Please leave all comments below. </span><br />
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0bBsBJI8yymBvhC2W8DEq2QbSSoMpNod_c79geJqYfzvC2eYUD7h8Qj5ELj21GfWvjdYCht5i4aPo7nQWeDqX1NJa6FrxsjAxsZx25E80yiUU0skI0O7JRv94oj_ycCuRF8_9XdJKN5w/s1600/Jane-Curd-Marriage.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="105" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0bBsBJI8yymBvhC2W8DEq2QbSSoMpNod_c79geJqYfzvC2eYUD7h8Qj5ELj21GfWvjdYCht5i4aPo7nQWeDqX1NJa6FrxsjAxsZx25E80yiUU0skI0O7JRv94oj_ycCuRF8_9XdJKN5w/s400/Jane-Curd-Marriage.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Marriage Certificate Of Matthew Lanius and Jane Curd</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Thanks - Steve Handy</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
DNAMatcheshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13455255744098073887noreply@blogger.com16tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7364864600411811248.post-11990511523219049702012-11-04T14:19:00.002-08:002012-11-04T14:28:10.340-08:00Understanding Mitochondrial DNA Testing<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Good Day Everyone. In this document, I am going to provide an introduction to the basis of a mitochondrial DNA test. This document should remove any confusion people may have concerning the test. As it stands right now, Family Tree DNA is the premier company that peforms mtDNA testing. The company known as 23andME currently does NOT perform a mtDNA test. 23andME only provides a haplogroup assignment which is an added and extra piece of information to the test. Let's begin with two important and basic principals that DNA tests are built on.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Basic Principals</u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The first principal is that when two or more people share or match segments (regions) of DNA, they share a common ancestor in their past. It is from that ancestor that the shared DNA segments are inherited. In this case, the common ancestor was a woman.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The second principal is that the more DNA you share with someone, the more closer you are to that person. This means your shared common ancestor lived in a more recent time. As we are going to see, this principal is extremely important when considering mtDNA given its slow rate of change.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Now let's look at the mtDNA basics. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Short Science Part - mtDNA Basics</u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The mitochondrian is a structure that sits inside the human cell. It's job is to provide energy to the cell. There are multiple copies of it that lay outside the nucleus. Inside the mitochondrian is a round piece of DNA called mtDNA. mtDNA is circular and has 16,569 DNA base pairs. The mtDNA is composed of three DNA regions - <b>HVR1</b>, <b>HVR2</b>, and <b>CR</b> (Coding Region that has genes). FTDNA has three mtDNA tests based on these three regions.</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Low resolution (HVR1) test</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">High resolution (HVR1 + HVR2) test</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Full Genome Sequence test (HVR1 + HVR2 + CR) which looks at the entire mtDNA.</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Three important points</b></span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Only women pass along their mtDNA to a son and daughter. Men cannot pass along their mtDNA. This means that the inheritance of the mtDNA is child -> mother -> mother's mother -> mother's mother's mother -> etc. In other words, a mtDNA test look at the strict maternal side. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The word "<b>match</b>" in this context means having an identical mtDNA region (HVR1, HVR2, or CR) as someone else. <b><i>NOT one base pair should be different.</i></b> For example, the HVR1 region contains 400 DNA base pairs. An HVR1 low resolution match means you and someone both share the exact and entire 400 base pairs. A single base mismatch can mean a difference of say 1000 years between you and someone else.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><i>The mtDNA changes very very slowly over time.</i></b> Because of this, the mtDNA test is mainly used for deep distant ancestry. For example, if you have a HVR1 match, you are very distantly related to that person. In other words - your last common maternal ancestor could have lived over thousands of years ago. The more mtDNA regions you match with someone (there is only 3 regions) - the closer you are related to that person. Ideally and from a practical perspective, you really want to match someone in all three mtDNA regions such as between a mother and daughter. This means your last common maternal ancestor lived recently - say within the last 6 to 8 generations - which is approximately within the last 125 years. </span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">An mtDNA test also provides a separate piece of information known as a <b>haplogroup</b>. Let's take a look.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Short Science Part - Haplogroups</u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> A <b>haplogroup</b> is a population of people who are all descendants of a single man or woman who lived in the distant past. In this case - we are talking about mtDNA haplogroups. Each mtDNA haplogroup has a unique set of mtDNA markers that define that haplogroup. Every member of a single haplogroup bears a unique set of mtDNA markers that sets them apart from being a member in a different haplogroup. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> There are currently 26 known mtDNA haplogroups. All 7 billion humans that currently live on the planet fall into a mtDNA haplogroup. Letters of the alphabet are assigned to a mtDNA haplogroup. An example of a mtDNA haplogroup is L3e. Essentially L3e represents a single woman that lived in the very very distant past. As science studies more populations, more mtDNA haplogroups will be added.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <b><u>IMPORTANT</u></b>: Your haplogroup maternal common ancestor (L3e for example) and your last common maternal ancestor are two completely different women. Let's now look at how to get an estimate of when your last common maternal ancestor lived.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <b><u>Statistics</u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Unfortunately DNA doesn't have a sign on it that tells you exactly in time when your last common maternal ancestor lived. Because of this, we have to use statistics to get a probability of when your last common maternal ancestor lived. Family Tree DNA currently uses the following accepted criteria to determine a time period. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Matching on HVR1 (low resolution match) means that you have a 50% chance of sharing a common maternal ancestor within the last fifty-two generations. That is about 1,300 years.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Matching on HVR1 and HVR2 (high resolution match) means that you have a 50% chance of sharing a common maternal ancestor within the last twenty-eight generations. That is about 700 years.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Matching on the Mitochondrial DNA Full Genomic Sequence test (full resolution match) brings your matches into more recent times. It means that you have a 50% chance of sharing a common maternal ancestor within the last 5 generations. That is about 125 years.</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> As you can see, these time ranges can be quite large. Remember these are <b><u>probabilites</u></b> that are based on an ancestor which <b><i>could have lived</i></b> within one of two intervals of a time range. For example, an HVR1 match means that your last common maternal ancestor <b><i>may have</i></b> lived within the last 1300 years. This also means that there is still a 50 percent chance that the maternal ancestor could have lived beyond 1300 years ago!!!!</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> As you can see, from a practical standpoint, you really want to match someone at the <b>Full Genomic Matching level</b>. In other words, if you take a mtDNA test, you should probably order the <u>FGS test</u> and hopefully match to someone at that level. At the FGS level, your last common maternal ancestor is <u>likely to have lived</u> within the last 5 generations which is a genealogical time frame of about 125 years.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Well that's it!!! In short, mtDNA testing involves finding matches that reveal a shared common maternal ancestor. As you can see, the mtDNA changes very slowly which means it's mainly used distant ancestry, but it can be used for recent ancestry as well.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hope that helps. Please let me know if you have questions. As always, it's a pleasure!!!!</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Thanks</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Steve Handy</span>DNAMatcheshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13455255744098073887noreply@blogger.com18tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7364864600411811248.post-90789579805334242832012-11-03T18:39:00.001-07:002013-06-02T09:01:15.874-07:00Understanding Y-DNA Genealogical Testing<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Good Day Everyone,</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> How is everyone doing? In this document, the Y-DNA genealogical test will be explained. Some people are confused as to exactly what a Y-DNA test is. This document will serve to remove the confusion that surrounds a Y-DNA test. Currently, Family Tree DNA is the premier DNA testing company that performs a Y-DNA genealogical test. This is mainly due to FTDNA's large STR marker system. (I will explain STR's shortly). The company known as 23andME currently doesn't perform a Y-DNA genealogical test. 23andME provides only a Y-DNA haplogroup assignment which is an add on. Let's begin.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Basic Principals</u></b></span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The first principal is that when two or people share or match regions of DNA, they share a common ancestor in their past. It is from that common ancestor that the shared DNA segments or regions are inherited. In this case, the common ancestor was a male.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The second principal is that the more DNA you share with someone, the more closer you are to that person. This means your shared common ancestor lived in a more recent time. For example, a brother and sister's last common ancestor is their mother. On the other hand, two first cousin's last common ancestor would be their grandmother. As we are going to see, this principal is extremely important when considering Y-chromosome given its moderate rate of change.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Y-DNA Basics</u></b></span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> So first off - ladies please don't be upset LOL. But a Y-DNA test is strictly for men. Here is why!! Humans have 46 chromosomes. In men, the last chromosome, (46th chromosome) is known as the Y-chromosome. The Y-chromosome is sometimes called the Y-DNA. The Y-DNA has a gene on it called the SRY gene. This master swtich gene (which switches on a bunch of genes) converts a human embryo into a male. Therefore, by definition, only a male has a Y-chromosome (Y-DNA). The Y-DNA has an area of DNA that a Y-DNA genealogical test looks at. This Y-DNA area contains a type of DNA called <b>STRs</b>. STR stands for <b><i>short tandem repeat</i></b>. A STR is a repeat of a DNA sequence. I will explain.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> DNA has four bases called A,T,C,G. For example, a DNA sequence would be -> "GCATCATG". The DNA sequence,"CAT", is a STR marker. As you can see, the STR is repeated 2 times (CATCAT). Researchers have a STR naming convention called the <b>DYS system</b>. DYS stands for <b><i><u>DNA Y Segment</u></i></b>. For example, a common studied DYS marker is DYS393. DYS393 has the STR sequence known as "AGAT". If you see a statement that says "DYS393 = 3", then it means that the DNA sequence, "AGAT", is repeated 3 times like this -> AGATAGATAGAT.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> A Y-DNA genealogical test looks at the DYS markers that currently all modern human men have along their Y-chromosome. Let's take a look. </span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Y-DNA Genealogical Test</u></b></span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> A Y-DNA test looks at the DYS markers along the Y-chromosome between any two men. All modern human males have the same set of DYS markers which are situated in the same order along their Y-chromosome. For example, along the Y-chromosome you will see DYS393-DYS390-DYS19 in this order from left to right. The reason for this is that all human men have a common distant paternal ancestor who is known as <b><u>Y-Chromosome Adam</u></b>. </span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> A Y-DNA test will look at a set of studied DYS markers and values between any two men. If there are enough matching DYS marker values, then a common paternal ancestor has been revealed between two or more men. This common male ancestor <b>may</b> have lived within a <b>genealogical</b> time frame (last 100 to 200 years). <u><i>STR markers can change between generations</i></u>. For example, Male A may have DYS393=10. Male B may have DYS393=12. The difference is 12-10 which is 2. This difference is known <b>genetic distance</b>. Genetic distance is a property of a Y-DNA genealogical test. It's used to get a degree of the relatedness between two or more men. </span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The Y-DNA has a strict inheritance pattern. The pattern is son -> father -> father's father -> father's father's father -> etc. Like the Y-DNA which is passed from father to son, your surname (last name) is typically inherited in a similar fashion. Therefore, a Y-DNA is typically used to see if a group of men who have the same last name, are related. For example, the last name of Williams is fairly common. If you want to know if a group of say, male Williams are related, then a Y-DNA genealogical test would be used. This is commonly used today for adoption, name change, etc. Currently, FTDNA has a panel of 111 DYS markers which makes their Y-DNA test a very popular option.</span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Companies such as Family Tree DNA (FTDNA) typically market, package, and sell their Y-DNA tests based on a set number of studied DYS markers. For example - a 12 marker Y-DNA test means a set consisting of 12 popular DYS markers will be analyzed by the DNA testing company. Your specific set of DYS markers and values is known as a Y-DNA <b>haplotype. </b>For example shown below is a picture my personal 12 marker Y-DNA haplotype:</span><br>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglqosw2Cd0krm-fwbDmzphY-deXbA3lR9bUkCgWki9kzxAMsWm95QoshbKbRpNZdmpzDkH29UYwCbqwCa_-79smhfjqWF7r2nX7DETUNFBTI9hfbMFxE7Ply8aA3AZSix0ciYXHpis3l4/s1600/Y-DNA-12.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglqosw2Cd0krm-fwbDmzphY-deXbA3lR9bUkCgWki9kzxAMsWm95QoshbKbRpNZdmpzDkH29UYwCbqwCa_-79smhfjqWF7r2nX7DETUNFBTI9hfbMFxE7Ply8aA3AZSix0ciYXHpis3l4/s320/Y-DNA-12.jpeg" width="320"></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If you click this picture shown toward the left, it will show my set of 12 DYS markers and their values. For example - my DYS393 marker has a value of 15. This means I have a DNA base sequence or STR of "AGAT" that is repeated 15 times along the length of my Y-DNA. </span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If another male has the exact set of DYS marker values that I have, then we would be considered a <b><u>match</u></b>. This means that me and the other male gentlemen share a paternal common ancestor. The more DYS markers you share with someone, the more <b>likely </b>you are closely related to that person. I placed the word "likely" in bold, because a Y-DNA test is not always a clear cut test in terms of measuring the relatedness of two or more men. Here is what is meant.</span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The current thinking is that a male should match to another male on at least 37 DYS markers and above to be considered related within a genealogical time frame (last 100 to 200 years). This is logical and reasonable thinking. However <u>DYS markers can <b>change</b> between generations. </u></span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For example - ideally a father and son, whom are <u><b><i>closely</i></b> related</u>, should match on all known DYS markers. This is true since a son inherits a copy of his father's Y-DNA. However, it's possible even a father and son may differ in DYS marker values. </span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">To make things more interesting - sometimes the opposite is true. Two or more men can be an exact match on <b>all</b> of their shared DYS marker values and yet be <u><b><i>distantly</i></b> related</u>. There are known cases where two or more men have been an exact match at 111 DYS marker values and yet turned out to be very <u><b><i>distantly</i></b> related</u> (10th cousins). Cases such as this can happen in Y-DNA testing so one should be aware of this. </span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">While a Y-DNA test is typically used for recent ancestry, a Y-DNA test can be used to reveal deep distant ancestry. This is where haplogroups come into the picture.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Y-DNA Haplogroups</u></b></span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> A <b>Haplogroup</b> is a population of people who are all descendants of a single man or woman who lived in the distant past. In this case - we are talking about Y-DNA haplogroups. Each Y-DNA haplogroup has a unique set of markers that define that haplogroup. Every member of a single haplogroup bears the <u><b>same</b></u> unique set of Y-DNA markers which sets them apart from being a member in a different haplogroup. These unique markers arose in a single individual, the haplogroup ancestor, a long time ago. Letters of the alphabet are given to the different Y-DNA haplogroups. A popular Y-DNA haplogroup is E1B1A. Every person, male or female, has a Y-DNA Haplogroup. In essence, a Y-DNA haplogroup, such as E1B1A, represents a single male that lived in the very very distant past!!! </span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The DNA markers used for haplogroup assignment are known as <b>SNPs</b> (pronounced "snip"). A SNP is a DNA base that has <b><i>changed</i></b>. For example, suppose a DNA sequence changes from CAT<b>G</b> -> CAT<b>A</b>. In this case, "<b>G</b>" changed to "<b>A</b>". The base "A" would be considered a SNP. SNP's change very slowly which is why they are used for haplogroup assignment.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> There are approximately 29 known Y-DNA haplogroups. By definition, all modern human men fit into the African Y-DNA Haplogroup known as A. Haplogroup A is then split into the two major Haplogroups, B and CT respectively. From the Y-DNA Haplogroup known as CT, the remaining African and Non-African Y-DNA haplogroups (DE, F, etc) are descended.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Because of people's different religious, marital, and social practices/histories, certain people tend to be strongly associated with certain haplogroups. For example, the Y-DNA haplogroup known as E1B1A is very strongly associated with African-American males. The Y-DNA known as Q1a3a1 is strongly associated with Native American males.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> It's important to know that your <b>last</b> common paternal ancestor and a haplogroup paternal common ancestor are two <b>different</b> men. Your Y-DNA haplogroup ancestor lived thousands of years ago, whereas your last common paternal ancestor (father or grandfather, etc) lived recently within a genealogical time frame. All men are related distantly but not all men are related recently.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Well that's it!!!! As always, it has a pleasure. If anyone has any questions, please feel free to ask.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Thanks</span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Steve</span><br>
<div>
<br></div>
DNAMatcheshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13455255744098073887noreply@blogger.com21tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7364864600411811248.post-55494973156547490702012-11-03T16:41:00.001-07:002013-09-11T13:46:30.272-07:00Understanding BGA Testing<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> In this document, I am going to explain BGA Testing. These days there are a number of companies which claim that from your DNA, your ancestry can be determined. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">DNA stores information such as the color of our eyes and hair. DNA keeps a record of our past ancestors and who we are related to. A person's ethnic composition, religion, language, and name are types of information that is NOT stored nor defined by DNA. From the results of a BGA DNA test, people tend to infer socially defined concepts such as person's religion from DNA. Such inferences can be wrong because DNA doesn't store such information.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Humans tend to categorize things based on observed patterns. Those patterns can not be defined by DNA. So please keep that in mind.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Now let's please turn our attention the basics of BGA or Admixture Testing. The current position of the scientific community is that the jury is still out on BGA Testing. As we are going to see, there is very good reason for this!!!</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>BGA Basics And Science</u></b></span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> BGA stands for <b><u>biogeographical analysis</u></b>. BGA tests are sometimes call <b>Admixture Tests</b>. A BGA test basically tries to use your DNA to determine or pinpoint what part of the world your ancestor(s) originated. Using your DNA to show if two people have a common ancestor is valid. DNA contains information such as whether or not two people are related.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> However using your DNA to pinpoint where an ancestor was born, lived, or came from, is entirely different. Here is the idea behind a BGA test.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Suppose we have a population called the Handy Clan. The Handy Clan has 1000 people and is located on a remote island. Now let's say everyone in the Handy Clan population has a rare DNA marker which we will call -> M. In other words, the <b><i>frequency</i></b> of this DNA marker is 100% because everyone (1000 people) has the DNA marker M. Also, let's assume that no one outside of the Handy Clan, which is on this remote island, has the DNA marker M.</span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Now Laurie lives in the US in Oakland, California which is located outside the remote island and outside of the Handy Clan population. Let's suppose we discover Laurie has this same rare DNA marker M. </span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Can we say Laurie is from or has ancestry from the Handy Clan population?</span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Under simple circumstances, yes!!! We can confidently say that. If no other population in the world has this rare genetic marker M, then we can say yes. Laurie is either from, or has had an ancestor, that originated from the Handy Clan population. That's what a BGA does. It compares your DNA markers to a studied population. Since all one thousand people have the same DNA marker M, then Laurie must either have been born in that Handy Clan population or Laurie had an ancestor from that population.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">However reality is not as simple as that!!!!! Let's see a more realistic scenario.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><u>A More Realistic Scenario</u> </span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Now suppose we have three <b>separate</b> populations, the Handy Clan, Williams Clan, and Henderson Clan. Each population is located in a different part of the world. Each population or clan has 1000 people in it. Every person in each of the populations has the genetic marker M. In other words, the <b><i>frequency</i></b> of the DNA marker M is 100% in each population.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Now we discover again that Laurie, who lives in Oakland, which is outside each population, has the genetic marker M. </span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Question: Does Laurie has ancestry from the Handy Clan population? </span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Now things have <b>changed</b>. The question is now harder to answer. The fact that Laurie has a DNA marker M in <b><i>multiple populations</i></b> doesn't necessarily mean Laurie has ancestry from the Handy Clan population. Laurie could of had an ancestor that lived or was born in any of those populations. </span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">That's the problem with a BGA DNA test. As we can see, the truth is not so clear cut in tests of this nature. The truth is based on a <b>probability</b>. Any newly introduced population can change things dramatically. Therefore, when interpreting the results from a BGA or Admixture test, please keep in mind that your results may differ or change tomorrow. Laurie would need a paper trail or some definitive piece of evidence to confirm the <b>inference</b> drawn from the BGA results. <u>The BGA data numbers alone don't necessarily prove anything.</u></span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The reason is that a BGA test is attempting to infer information from DNA that DNA doesn't define. An ancestor's original location can be any where. DNA simply doesn't reflect or store that type of information. From the frequency (or <b>concentration</b>) of those DNA markers in each population, we are making an inference which could be right or wrong. If a child is born in say Atlanta, Georgia, that geographical location and information <u>will not be stored</u> in the child's DNA. </span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> One of the biggest misconceptions out there, is that a BGA or Admixture Test, can pinpoint the exact tribe or small population someone is from. As one can clearly see, this is not necessarily true. DNA alone simply cannot do this as it's advertised. This is one of the reasons, the scientific community as a whole has not embraced BGA tests.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Now let's look at the basic BGA concepts.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>BGA Concepts</u></b></span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In BGA terms, the DNA marker M, is called an <b><u>ancestry informative marker</u></b> or AIM. Each population is called a <b><u>reference population</u></b>. An example of a reference population is the Yoruba. The Yoruba is a West African ethnic group that is studied by population geneticists. Many African-Americans have DNA markers that match to the Yoruba group. </span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Now that we have the BGA basics, let's look at the BGA process and engine which is known as PCA.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>BGA Process and PCA </u></b></span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The engine or workhorse of most BGA Analysis is PCA. PCA stands for <b>Principal Component</b> <b>Analysis</b>. PCA is a complex mathematical process that separates a bunch of data into its components. For example, let's say we have a bag of 100 jelly beans that are of different colors. After separating the jelly beans by color, we see this -> blue=25, red=25, purple=25, and yellow=25. This means that each of the four colors make up 25% (25/100) of the jelly beans. PCA would essentially separate the jelly beans in the exact same way.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The BGA process starts off with about 300,000 AIMs or SNPs. These SNPs are found across the first 44 chromosomes in humans. The SNPs are matched to a number of reference populations. The results are percentages that represent the <b><i>concentration</i></b> of the SNPs in each reference population. The engine running the show is PCA, which runs in the background of an algorithm.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Now let's look at a few BGA tests.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>BGA Tests: Population Finder, Ancestry Painting, McDonald</u></b></span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There are a number of BGA tests out there. Family Tree DNA's BGA test is Population Finder. 23andME's is called Ancestry Painting. The Population Finder is a BETA test so it's a work in progress. Population Finder uses continental groups in addition to reference groups.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Here is an example of PF</span><br>
<br>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><u>Continent (Subcontinent)</u></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><u>Population</u></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><u>Percentage</u></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><u>Margin of Error</u></b><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Europe (Western European) French, Orcadian 28.53% ±0.48%</span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Africa (West African) Yoruba, Mandenka 71.47% ±0.48%</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There are four reference populations -> French, Orcadian, Yoruba, Mandenka. This person basically has DNA markers that <b>match </b>those reference populations. It's likely this person has ancestry from some of those populations, but not necessarily all of them. A paper trail would be needed to confirm ancestry.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Because the Population Finder is a beta test and has limited reference populations (same for 23andME's Ancestry Painting), many people turn to an Extended BGA Analysis. This is where Dr Doug McDonald comes in.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>McDonald's Extended BGA </u></b></span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dr Douglass McDonald is a chemist at University of Illinois in Urbana, Illinois. In fact, he actually created the Population Finder for Family Tree DNA. McDonald has access to more studied reference populations which Family Tree DNA or 23andMe currently doesn't have. Because of this, you can get a more "fleshed" out or "extended" BGA Analysis.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">McDonald gives his results in the form of an email with four graphs. Here are McDonald's results of my cousin Lonette Lanier's extended BGA test as shown in quotes below:</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">"LonetteFayLanier216745-autosomal-o-results.csv</span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Most likely fit is 27.9% (+- 0.1%) Europe (various subcontinents) and 72.1% (+- 0.1%) Africa (all West African).</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The following are possible population sets and their fractions, most likely at the top</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">French= 0.279 Mandenka= 0.721</span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hungary= 0.280 Mandenka= 0.720</span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">English= 0.277 Mandenka= 0.723</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There is also about 0.4% Native American that is strong and likely real, as well as other little bits on the chromosomes but they are weak and probably unimportant."</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Each line, "<u>French= 0.279 Mandenka= 0.721</u>", is a <b>population set</b>. There are three population sets. Each population set gives a <b>likely or probable</b> ancestry for my cousin Lonette. Each population set is a combination that gives the best fit for Lonette's data. It doesn't mean Lonette necessarily has ancestry from say, the French. But she does have DNA markers that match the French reference population. The multiple population sets are the result of Lonette's DNA markers that are spread across multiple populations. This is why it's difficult to pinpoint a person's ancestral origin to a specific tribe or single population via your DNA alone.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It's important to always backup DNA evidence with documents or other pieces of evidence to validate a claim. The numbers alone don't always or neccesarily identify the truth.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Now let's look at the issues the scientific community has with BGA Testing</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Issues With BGA Or Admixture Testing</u></b></span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The scientific community as a whole hasn't really embraced BGA or Admixture Testing. Using your DNA to establish whether two or people are related via a common ancestor is valid. However using your DNA to locate where your ancestor(s) originated is quite a different task. An ancestor could have been born or lived in any part of the world. More important - <u>DNA simply doesn't define or contain information such as ancestor's geographical location or point of origin</u>. <u>That type of information is NOT an attribute of a genetic mutation.</u> Therefore BGA or Admixture tests don't have a basis in genetics. That's the scientific community's main objection to BGA or Admixture tests. The results from a BGA or Admixture test are used to make inferences from observed correlations. A correlation can be dangerous in science because it can lead to an incorrect inference from an observed set of data. </span><div><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">There is a very big difference between a casual relationship (correlation) versus a direct relationship between two variables.<br></font>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This doesn't mean BGA tests aren't valuable. A BGA test can lead one into finding insight into their past. However you must understand that the results from a BGA test aren't final. The results from a BGA test are tenative and can easily change tomorrow.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There are at least three main current hurdles with a BGA Analysis</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1) Populations can change location and identity. They are not static. What we know about a population's history is limited and based on what we currently know. Moderns humans have been here for approximately 200,000 years. No one can know the entire history of any population. We can have approximate knowledge, but NOT complete knowledge.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2) We simply don't at this time have a complete set of reference populations to make any final judgment calls as of yet. (I will explain this shortly)</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3) Different algorithms can produce different results.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For example suppose Dr McDonald gives me the following simple BGA results:</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Finnish=.100 and Yoruba=.900.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This is based on the fact that the scientific community has studied the Yoruba and Finnish etc. This would lead one to believe that one has a large Yoruba ancestry. The Yoruba ancestry may be true with a paper trail.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Now suppose the scientific community has studied and approved a new reference population, C, in say a few years. Now a rerun of Dr McDonald's results yields the following:</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Population C=.450, Finnish=.100, and Yoruba=.450</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Now as you can see, things have changed. My ancestor now could have lived in the Yoruba, or could have lived in the new reference population C. This scenario could happen. As you can see, none of these results are absolute or final in the sense that they can't change.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> In addition, different algorithms can produce different results. An <b>algorithm</b> is simply a method or set of steps to solve a problem. The algorithm is very important. It's what produces your DNA results. Right now there are a number of tools out there that claim the ability to produce valid BGA results. Each of these tools may run under different algorithms.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For example - I have taken three BGA tests: Ancestry Painting, Population Finder, and McDonald. Each has produced different results. The analysis from 23andME stated I had 7 percent Asian ancestry. Now this could be significant or it could be noise. Neither FTDNA's Population Finder nor McDonald's findings gave 7% percent ancestry. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The bigger question is which one is correct? Population Finder is a BETA test. So I can assume that it's findings are approximate. Can the same be said for 23andME's Ancestry Painting results or Dr McDonald's BGA findings? The truth is that at this time - it's impossible to tell which one is correct or is incorrect.</span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The most important point to take from this tutorial is that a BGA can yield <b><i>valuable</i></b> information not necessarily definitive information. Technically, the only factual based information that can be produced from a BGA test is that a person has DNA markers (AIMs) that match a reference population. </span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Well that's it for BGA Analysis. If anyone has questions, please free to ask.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Thanks</span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Steve</span></div>DNAMatcheshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13455255744098073887noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7364864600411811248.post-63036512003107237192012-11-03T15:46:00.004-07:002012-11-03T15:54:17.058-07:00Autosomal DNA Testing: Phasing<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Good Day Everyone. Hope everyone is doing well!!!! In this document, the process of Phasing will be discussed and explained. Phasing is the newest craze in Genetic Genealogy. Right now there aren't that many tools out there to perform phasing features. What is phasing? What is it all about? Let's take a look at the new kid on the block.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Introduction To Phasing</u></b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> What if you wanted to DNA test one of your parents but you can't. Let's assume one of your parents is unavailable and you would like to gather DNA from that parent. Can you do this? The answer is yes. This is where phasing comes in. Phasing is the attempt to reconstruct a parent's DNA data from a single child and the other contributing parent. The idea behind phasing is: Child DNA - Parent 1 DNA -> Parent 2 DNA. The result from phasing is a <b>pseudo DNA data file</b> that contains SNPs of the <b>untested</b> parent. In order to phase a single parent's DNA, you need the DNA data file of <b>BOTH</b> a <u>tested child and tested parent</u>. Let's take a look at how phasing works.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> If you remember, an individual has two of every known SNP like this -> AG. The letters "A" and "G" are DNA bases called SNPs (snips). SNP stands for <b><i>single nucleotide polymorphism</i></b>. SNPs are sometimes erroneously referred to as <b>alleles</b>. The reason you have two of every known SNP is that you receive one from each parent. Let's say a child has the following SNPs or alleles -> AG. Now let's assume that a tested parent (mother) has the following SNPs -> AT. Can we figure which SNP the child received from which parent? The answer is yes. Since both child and mother share the common SNP -> "A", (Mom -> AT, Child -> AG), this means the child must of inherited the "A" from the mother and the "G" from the father (Mom -> AT, Child -> AG, Dad -> ?G). The result then will be a phased DNA data file that contains the single paternal SNP -> "G". Normally your DNA data file from either Family or Relative Finder has two of every SNP or allele. However a pseudo phased DNA data file will contain only one (half) of every known SNP or allele.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Remember that an autosomal DNA test produces matches. When a person is a match to you, that person matches to half of the SNPs that are in your normal DNA data file. In other words, a match is related to one side of your family. Because a phased pseudo DNA data file only contains SNPs from a single parent, only matches from one side of your family are revealed. If fact, this is the reason behind phasing. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Phasing: The Reason Behind It</u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Phasing is good in cases where you don't have a DNA data file from a parent. This works well in cases where one has say a deceased parent. For example, recently I phased SOME of my deceased paternal grandfather's DNA data. However phasing really shines in "lining up" your matches. Remember that an autosomal DNA test produces matches on both sides of your family. More important, an autosomal DNA test cannot tell you which side of your family a match is on. There are two main ways to determine which side of your family a match is on:</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Simply test both of your parents and see where the matches line up. If a match appears in the DNA match list of a particular parent, then you know which side the match is on.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Simply test a single parent and observe if the match doesn't appear in the DNA match list of the tested parent. If the match doesn't appear in the tested parent, then match can be assumed to be on the opposite parent's side. This type of </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>exclusion</i></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> can only be done when considering close relatives (parent through and including 2nd cousins). However, starting at or beyond the 3rd cousin level, exclusion is based entirely on a </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><u>probability</u></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">. Starting at the 3rd cousin level, a non-match to a parent doesn't necessarily mean no relation. In other words, a non-match can still be related to the tested parent, even though that tested parent didn't match. This is because the "masking" effects of recombination begin to appear at the 3rd cousin level.</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The third way is phasing. Phasing will automatically reveal which side of your family your matches will fall on. Phasing is considered to have much promise. However there are limitations and catches to phasing. As in most cases, it's never that simple. Let's read on to find out. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Phasing: Limitations and Catches</u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The biggest catch to phasing is that your pseudo DNA data file will only contain, at maximum, half the SNPs (alleles) that a tested person's DNA data file will contain. Remember with phasing, you are creating a virtual DNA data file without actually testing an individual. From a practical perspective, a phased DNA data file will actually contain much less than half the SNPs a normal DNA data file will contain. There are two reasons for this: <b>Random No Calls</b> and <b>Random On Homozygous</b>. Let's take a look.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Phasing: Random No Calls</u></b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Let's say both a child is -> AG and the mother is -> AG at the same location on their chromosomes. In this case, the child's two SNPs are different, but they both are identical to the parent. Can we determine between the child's "A" and "G", which SNP came from which parent. <u>The answer is NO</u>. As you can see, either the "A" or "G" could have come from the mother. Therefore, there is no way to deduce which SNP came from the mother or the father. This is what is referred to as a <b>random no call</b>. Random-no-call SNPs are the reason why <b>linked DNA segments</b> are used in an autosomal DNA test to identify common ancestry. A DNA data file that's generated from a tested individual, by default, contains random-no-call SNPs. A well designed matching algorithim would simply ignore all random-no-call SNPs as it detects them.</span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKk0OjMEtGli5PvLKZjeqOAQZLBtu-ptyaPgTEPmrdYKQqGKkRH3BACm6wsioQrcSkNbWKRp1ZLuduZMNJjOUUJ-pBKmaEvhs6BCGNnx7dGd9VvGkfrnNm33yYORzWcmjczZtIaY0tRKY/s1600/phased-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKk0OjMEtGli5PvLKZjeqOAQZLBtu-ptyaPgTEPmrdYKQqGKkRH3BACm6wsioQrcSkNbWKRp1ZLuduZMNJjOUUJ-pBKmaEvhs6BCGNnx7dGd9VvGkfrnNm33yYORzWcmjczZtIaY0tRKY/s320/phased-1.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> In a phased DNA data file, random-no-call SNPs are not inserted into the file. This is one of the reasons why a phased DNA data file is much smaller than a normal DNA data file. To give you an idea, here is a picture of the phased output of my paternal grandfather - William E. Handy Sr.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">I recently used the new Gedmatch Phasing Utility to create a pseudo phased DNA data file of my deceased paternal grandfather - William E. Handy Sr. The kit number is PF208196P1.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> If you click the picture shown above, you will see a phased listing of my paternal grandfather's DNA matches. The top match (F208196) is his son, who is my father, Steve Handy Sr. A parent and child normally share between 3300cMs - 3400cMs of DNA. As one can see, my dad and his father only share 410cMs of DNA in this phased reading. The low cM DNA amount is due to size of the phased DNA data file. Moving on to myself (F200507), my grandfather and I only share 217.3cMs of DNA. We are suppose to share between 1700cM - 1900cMs of DNA since William Handy Sr is my grandfather.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> One way around this is to simply phase all of your full siblings against the same parent. That way, you can build a bigger list of matches which fall on the side of the phased parent. Each sibling will likely generate a different phased virtual DNA data file against the same parent. However each sibling has the potential to filter and reveal more matches that fall on the side of the phased parent.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The important concept though is that all of the matches shown at the above URL link are ALL on my paternal grandfather's side. In other words, the matches shown at the above URL, all "line up" on my paternal grandfather's side. There is no need to worry about matches shown on my father's maternal side because none are shown in this phased output. The phased DNA data file has completely filtered out all of my father's maternal matches.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Phasing: Random On Homozygous</u></b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Let's say both a child is -> AA and the mother is -> AA at the same location on their chromosomes. Both the child's SNPs are the same value (homozygous) and identical to the mother. Can we determine which SNP came from which parent? The answer is yes. The father and mother both contributed a SNP with the value of "A". However, this will not help in an autosomal DNA test. The reason is that because both parents are identical to the child at that location, there is no way to determine which parent a match is related to. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> For example suppose mom is -> AAAAA and dad is -> AAAAA. If a match is -> AAAAA, then how can you know which parent the match is related to? This is called <b>Random On Homozygous</b>. In normal tested cases, this presents the same problem as in a phased scenario. People whom are descended from or are apart of an <b><u>endogamous</u></b> population suffer from random on homozygous or ROH. A good example would be people of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. Many first cousins married each other and produced offspring. As a result of the inbreeding, the SNP or allele pool can become highly homogenous over time. Phasing would not be help much in this case.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">On a final note half siblings already have phased data.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Well that's it for phasing. Hopefully you know have a basic and clear understanding of phasing. Currently there are two tools out there that do phasing - GedMatch and David Pike's Tool. To see that actual comparison in my case - use kit number PF208196P1 in the second link - Compare Kits. To generate a phased file use the first or third link shown below. </span><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">GedMatch Phasing - <a href="http://ww2.gedmatch.com:8006/autosomal/phase1.php">http://ww2.gedmatch.com:8006/autosomal/phase1.php</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Compare Kits - <a href="http://ww2.gedmatch.com:8006/autosomal/r-list1.php">http://ww2.gedmatch.com:8006/autosomal/r-list1.php</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">David Pike - <a href="http://www.math.mun.ca/~dapike/FF23utils/">http://www.math.mun.ca/~dapike/FF23utils/</a></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Thanks</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Steve </span>DNAMatcheshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13455255744098073887noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7364864600411811248.post-13371234260170666472012-11-03T14:56:00.002-07:002013-09-11T13:17:18.000-07:00Understanding Haplogroups<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> A <b>haplogroup</b> is a population of individuals whom share a unique set of genetic markers that were derived from a common ancestor. All members of a haplogroup are descendants of a <b>single</b> man or woman that lived in the very very distant past. The Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) and mtDNA are the genetic structures that are associated with haplogroups. (The autosomal chromosomes are NOT associated with haplogroups.) Each mtDNA (maternal) and Y-DNA (paternal) haplogroup has a distinct set of genetic markers that define, distinguish and separate the different mtDNA and Y-DNA haplogroups. Your haplogroup, (L3e2a for example is a mtDNA subhaplogroup), is defined by unique set of DNA markers that's present on either the mtDNA or Y-DNA. Only members of the same haplogroup that you belong to have those distinct DNA markers.<u> Every person has a mtDNA haplogroup and a Y-DNA haplogroup.</u> In essence - a mtDNA haplogroup, such as L3e2a, represents a single woman that you are descended from who lived hundreds of thousands of years ago. </span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>There are three basic mtDNA haplogroups - <b>L</b>, <b>M</b>, and <b>N</b>. The L haplogroup represents Mitochondrial Eve - an ancient and distant African woman. Mitochondrial Eve is the most recent common maternal ancestor of all current living humans. By definition, all of modern humanity fits into the L Haplogroup. As Mitochondrial Eve produced daughters, grand-daughters, etc, her original mtDNA sequence was copied and changed. This eventually produced the modern haplogroups that we see today. The L haplogroup is divided into seven subhaplogroups, L0,L1,L2,L3,L4,L5,L6. These six subhaplogroups (L0,L1,L2,L4,L5,L6) are found almost exclusively in Africa. This supports the notion that modern humanity began in Africa. Eventually modern humans traveled outside of Africa. The L3 mtDNA subhaplogroup represents that transition out of Africa. The M and N haplogroups are both descended from the L3 mtDNA haplogroup. Essentially all of the other mtDNA haplogroups which are found outside of Africa (A,B,C,R,T and etc) are descended from either the M or N mtDNA haplogroups. Haplogroups can be further subdivided into more subhaplogroups based on newly discovered DNA markers.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Similarly there are Y-DNA haplogroups with each given letters of the alphabet as well. Y-Chromosomal Adam represents the most recent common paternal ancestor of all living humans. By definition, all modern human men fit into the African Y-DNA Haplogroup known as the A Haplogroup. Haplogroup A is then split into the two major Haplogroups, B and CT, respectively. From the Y-DNA Haplogroup known as CT, the remaining African and Non-African Y-DNA haplogroups (DE, F, etc) are descended from.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Because of people's different religious histories, marital, and social practices, certain people tend to be strongly associated with certain haplogroups. For example, the A,B,C,D, and X mtDNA haplogroups are strongly associated with Native Americans. The R mtDNA haplogroup is present among 89% of Europeans. The Y-DNA haplogroup known as E1B1A is very strongly associated with African-American males.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It's important to understand that two or more people within the same haplogroup are related within an anthropological time frame (thousands of years), not necessarily a genealogical time frame (one to three hundred years). Two or more people may not share a recent common ancestor, but they still may share a distant haplogroup common ancestor. Your last (recent) common ancestor and your distant (haplogroup) common ancestor are two separate individuals. For example, my mother would be my last (not distant) common ancestor. </span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>By the same token, two or more people can be in the same haplogroup and be related within a genealogical time frame. An example of this is seen among Native Americans. Having crossed the Bering Straits within the last 12,000 years, many Native American groups and circles have remained fairly small and are genetically similar enough to share BOTH matching haplogroups and recent common ancestors.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>On the other hand, two or people may be in two different haplogroups, but still be related in a genealogical time frame. For example, my dad and I are in two different mtDNA haplogroups, but my dad is still my most recent common ancestor. This can be easily understood if one remembers that a haplogroup represents a single and separate distant side of a person's ancestry. A mtDNA haplogroup represents a single distant strict maternal ancestry (child -> mother -> mother's mother, etc). A Y-DNA haplogroup represents a single distant strict paternal ancestry (son -> father -> father's dad, etc)</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Inferences From Haplogroup Assignments</u></b></span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A common practice is to make an inference about a person's ethnic composition, religion, and other socially defined information based on a person's haplogroup assignment. These inferences or conclusions are based on the frequencies of haplogroups. Basically the frequencies of certain haplogroups differs across certain populations. These frequencies exist because of the social practices, martial histories, and other social norms that many cultures exhibit.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For example - the Y-DNA haplogroup known as E1B1A7A has a very high distribution across Western Africa. The E1B1A7A has a very high frequency and presence among African-American males. This leads to a conclusion that a male who is E1B1A7A must be African-American. This is of course is not necessarily true. The E1B1A7A also has a distribution in South American as well.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As an another example - the Y-DNA haplogroup, known as R1B1A, has a strong presence and high distribution among European men. Yet my 2nd cousin - Lewis Lamar, who is considered African-American, has the R1B1A haplogroup. The E1B1A7A haplogroup is absent in his paternal lineage.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Such inferences drawn from a haplogroup assignment are very dangeous to make. The important concept to grasp and understand is that DNA does NOT define nor store information such as person's ethnic composition or religion. Those are socially defined concepts which are NOT defined by a genetic mutation. A person can no more be said to be 100% African or European from the DNA data alone.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Other forms of collaborating evidence would be required to confirm an individual ethnic composition, religion, or any other socially defined concept.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> If anyone has any questions, please feel free to ask.</span><br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Thanks</span><br>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Steve</span>DNAMatcheshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13455255744098073887noreply@blogger.com20tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7364864600411811248.post-63895028533533508852012-11-03T07:23:00.001-07:002013-05-09T11:41:33.963-07:00Autosomal DNA Testing: Recombination<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Good Day Everyone. How is everyone doing??? Fine I hope. In this document, we are going to review the natural and biological process of <b><u>recombination</u></b>. Recombination is an important concept that one should probably be famaliar with in DNA Genealogy. This is especially true in Autosomal DNA testing. The other DNA tests, Y-DNA and mtDNA, are immune to the effects of recombination. The same can not be said for an autosomal DNA test. An autosomal DNA test is constrained and effected by genetic recombination. In this document, we are going to see why. Let's begin with taking a high level look at recombination. Then, we will move to a more low level view of recombination and see how the tests are affected. Let's begin.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>High Level View: Basics Of Genetic Recombination</u></b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><u>Genetic recombination</u> is defined as a biological process where genetic material is broken and joined to form new genetic material. The diversity of life that surrounds you is due to recombination. Recombination occurs when a child is being conceived for the first time. Humans have 46 chromosomes. When people have children, only 23 chromsomes (half) are passed to the child from each parent. The key is that 23 <u><b>new</b></u> chromosomes from each parent are created and passed to the child. Here is what is meant by new.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><u>Basic Mechanism of Recombination In A Parent</u></span><br />
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Start</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Touch</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">New Chromosomes</b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C(<span style="color: blue;">Blue</span>)--><--C(<span style="color: red;">Red</span>) C(<span style="color: blue;">Blue</span>)C(<span style="color: red;">Red</span>) C(<span style="color: blue;">Blue</span>/<span style="color: red;">Red</span>)<--->C(<span style="color: red;">Red</span>/<span style="color: blue;">Blue</span>)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Let's start off with two chromosomes which we'll call -> C. One chromosome is blue -> C(<span style="color: blue;">Blue</span>) and the other chromosome is red -> C(<span style="color: red;">Red</span>). In each parent when conception occurs, the 46 chromosomes divide up into 23 pairs. Each pair consists of two chromosomes like shown above. What happens in a parent is that both chromosomes within a pair, <b><i>physically touch each other</i></b> and separate. When the two chromosomes touch each other, they exchange genetic information. The result is that after separation, two new chromosomes are created. 23 new chromosomes are then placed into a sperm cell and 23 new chromosomes are placed into an egg cell -> sperm[23,C(<span style="color: blue;">Blue</span>/<span style="color: red;">Red</span>)] and egg[23,C(<span style="color: red;">Red</span>/<span style="color: blue;">Blue</span>)].</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">When a sperm and egg cell combine to form a new child, the child will have 46 <b><i>new</i></b> chromsomes. This is why siblings (brothers and sisters) look different from the each other and from the parents. In a nut shell, that's basically what recombination entails. The exception to this is identical twins. Without recombination, this would be a boring world as everyone would look the same.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Now let's look at recombination from a low level view.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Low Level View: Exchange of Genetic Material</u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">DNA is composed of four bases -> A, T, C, and G. A DNA segment would look like this -> ATTTTCGC. Let's take a look at recombination at the DNA segment level.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Start</b> <b>Touch</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Chr1-AAAAAA-> <-TTTTTT-Chr2 Chr1-AAAAAATTTTTT-Chr2 </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>New Segments</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Chr1-AAATTT AAATTT-Chr2</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shown above is an example of recombination at the DNA level. We start of with two chromosomes -> Chr1 and Chr2. Basically recombination has created two new DNA segments -> AAATTT and AAATTT. The two DNA segments have <b><i>exchanged</i></b> DNA or genetic material with each other. Of course there are many possible combinations that can be generated from recombination. We could of gotten ATAAAA, TTAATA, etc.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Genetic recombination is responsible for another process, the loss of genetic material.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Low Level View: Loss of DNA</u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Each of us has 46 chromosomes. This is a basic fact. 23 of our 46 chromosomes we inherit from mom, and the other 23 we get from dad. In other words, 50 percent (23/46), or half of your DNA, is from each parent. If 50 percent, or half of your DNA, is from your mom, then it stands to reason that half of that 50 percent, or 25 percent, is from your mother's parents. In other words, we each get 25 percent of DNA from our grandparents.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This is what basically happens over time</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">50% parent -> 25% grandparent -> 12.5% great-grandparent -> 6.2% great-great grandparents -> etc.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As you can see, the amount or percentage of DNA that's inherited from an ancestor gets smaller as you go back further into the past. Each generation, the percentage of your previous ancestor's contribution to your DNA is halved. The reason for this is <b><i><u>recombination.</u></i></b> What this means is that a DNA segment from an ancestor gets smaller and smaller as the DNA segment is passed down thru the generations.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ancestor-AAAATTTTGGGGCC --> Child-AAAATTTTGGGG --> Grandchild-AAAA --> Great Grandchild-AAA --> etc</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shown above is an example of recombination at work over the generations. We start off with a DNA segment in a ancestor that has 15 DNA bases. Over time, this DNA segment has been reduced as it's passed down through the generations. Notice that as the DNA segment was passed from the child to the grandchild, a large chunk of that DNA segment was removed!!!!! On the other hand, notice from grandchild to great-grandchild, only a single DNA base was removed. This highlights an important theme when dealing with recombination.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>IMPORTANT:</b> <u>The <b><i>amount</i></b> of DNA that is lost between generations is <b>random</b></u>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This is by far the most important concept to grasp and understand. Recombination is an <u>unbias and haphazard process</u>. Recombination doesn't care. It removes DNA in a completely random, unbias, and unpredictable pattern and fashion. The amount removed can be quite large, or quite small. It's makes no difference.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Now let's look at autosomal DNA tests in light of recombination.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Recombination: Autosomal DNA Testing</u></b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Now that you are armed with the basics of recombination, we can look at how an autosomal DNA test operates. Behind the scenes of an autosomal DNA test such as Family Finder or Relative Finder is a matching algorithm that performs the work. The matching algorithm identifies <i><u>linked</u> <u>DNA segments</u></i> that would be present in two or more people whom are descended from a common ancestor. <u>These linked DNA segments are composed of DNA bases called <b>SNPs</b></u> (snips). If there are enough matching DNA segments between two or more people, a "match" is declared.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> If two or more people are descended from a common ancestor, they both should share linked DNA segments from that common ancestor. Simple enough right??? However there is one player in the game that needs to be recognized -> <b><i>recombination</i></b>. As those segments are passed down across the generations, recombination will shorten those linked DNA segments. In some cases, recombination may even completely <u>"erase"</u> some of those linked DNA segments. That's why an autosomal DNA test can only go back 5 to 7 generations. After a certain period of time (5 or 7 generations), recombination has the potential to completely <u>erase linked DNA segments</u> from a shared common ancestor.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Let's take a look</u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Line 1: Ancestor-AAAATTTTGGGGCC --> Child-AAAATTTTGGGG --> Grandchild-AAAATTT --> Great Grandchild-AAAATT ---> person A (match)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Line 2: Ancestor-AAAATTTTGGGGCC --> Child-AAAATTTTGG --> Grandchild-AAAATTTTG --> Great Grandchild-AAAATTG --> person B (match)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Line 3: Ancestor-AAAATTTTGGGGCC --> Child-AAAAT --> Grandchild-AAA --></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Great Grandchild-AA --> person C (non-match)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shown above are three lines of descent from a shared common ancestor in three people A, B, and C. Let's assume we know before hand, that these people are related and are descended from the same ancestor. The matching algorithm doesn't know the three people are related. The matching algorithm only knows that its job is to look for matching DNA segments. Let's say in this example, that the matching algorithm will declare a match if the DNA linked segments are identical and have at least six matching SNPs. In this case, the algorithm will declare both person A-->AAAATT and person B- ->AAAATTG as a <b>match.</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Person C will be left out. As we can see, recombination has randomly removed enough SNPs from Person C's DNA segment such that the matching algorithm will not declare a match. This highlights an important theme in autosomal DNA testing.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><i>IMPORTANT</i></b> -> <u>Just because two or more people don't match, doesn't necessarily mean they aren't related in genealogical time</u>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Now let's look at some examples of recombination and it's effects</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Example 1: Loss Of Large cM Amounts</u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Here is an example from my personal family. Remember that the <b>centiMorgan (cM)</b> is the unit of measurement that is relevant in an autosomal DNA test. The centiMorgan contains various DNA testing properties such as DNA segment length, number of SNPs, etc, all rolled into one. The centiMorgan gives us a consistent way to compare apples to apples and make judgements as to whether two or people are related.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Technically, the centiMorgan gives a probability or <b><i>propensity</i></b> of recombination. But let's keep things simple.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><u><i>Family Case 1: Match A</i></u></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Juliette Turner (grandmother) & Match A</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shared cM -> 65.13</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Longest segment -> 42.96cM</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Steve Handy Sr (father) & Match A</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shared cM -> 62.02</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Longest Segment -> 42.96cM</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Steve Handy Jr (myself via 23andME) & Match A</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shared cM -> 12</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Longest Segment -> 12cM</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As one can see, the effects of recombination are truly random and unbiased. In the generation between my grandmother and dad, only 3.11cMs of DNA were lost (65.13cM - 62.02cM). However in the generation between my dad and myself, over 50cMs were lost!!! (62.02cM - 12cM). This is how recombination operates. It operates in a haphazard and unpredictable manner. In essence, a matching algorithm deals with the results after recombination has done it's part.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Now let's look at 2nd example of the effects of recombination.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Example 2: Siblings Matching Differently</u></b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sometimes a distant cousin will match two siblings at different cM levels and on different chromosomes.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><u>Family Case 2: Match B</u></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Michael Mitchell (sibling) & Match B</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shared cM -> 47.69</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Longest Segment -> 25.55</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Chromosome 3 -> 25.55cM</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Chromosome 6 -> 22.14cM</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Muriel Mitchell (sibling) & Match B</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shared cM -> 10</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Longest Segment -> 10</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Chromosome 3 -> 10cM</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Steve Handy Jr (myself) & Match B</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shared cM -> 0cM</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Longest Segment -> 0cM</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">No ancestral cMs on any of my chromosomes</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Shown above is an example of a Match B on my maternal side. Muriel Mitchell is my mother. Michael Mitchell is my maternal uncle. Match B shares 47cMs with my maternal uncle and 10cMs with my mother. Both Michael and Muriel Mitchell are siblings. The key is the last recombinational event at the sibling level. The last recombinational event occurred separately between my maternal grandmother and each of her children. Genetic recombination randomly removed a large chunk of ancestral cMs in my mother's line. From maternal grandmother to the ancestor, the line of descent is one and the same. However in the last generation from my maternal grandmother to my mother, a single recombinational event removed a large chunk of ancestral cMs.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> On the other hand, from my maternal grandmother to my maternal uncle (mom's brother), 47.69cMs remained which was enough for the matching algorithm to detect it.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> FTDNA's matching algorithm doesn't report anything less than 20cM. Therefore the Match B actually didn't show in my mother's FFinder match list. I had to look at the FTDNA chromosome browser to see the amount of overlap which was 10cM. As one can see, siblings can match a distant cousin at different cM levels. By the time I arrived on the scene, recombination completely erased all traces of the ancestor's matching DNA from my chromosomes.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> One of the biggest misconceptions out there is that an autosomal DNA test can work against a group of people due to their ethnic background or history. As one can see, this is simply not the case and is actually quite impossible to do. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There are two important biological events to remember in this tutorial.</span><br />
<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Genetic recombination <b>indiscriminately and unbiasedly</b> <i>"chops"</i> up DNA in each successive generation as a child is being conceived. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Each parent then randomly passes on 50% of DNA to a child while the parent <u><b><i>retains</i></b> the</u> <u>other 50% of their own DNA</u>. </span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The two biological processes that were just mentioned are simply too impossible to control and to predict.<br />
<br />
The only time a population's ethnic background, history, or any other social factors is relevant in an autosomal DNA test, is if there is a history of inbreeding among close relatives. For example, people who are of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry are descendants of ancestors where many first cousins married each other and produced children. This also occurred in early colonial America as well. This was, and still is, a social norm in many cultures. In examples of this nature, an autosomal DNA test will show distant cousins that share an unexpectant large cM amount of DNA. The reason for this is that the population's gene pool has became highly homogeneous under such inbreeding conditions over time. Recombination will simply dice up more similar DNA segments and more offspring will receive those similar DNA segments.<br />
<br />
Even in light of such historical inbreeding, genetic recombination operates in the same fashion as it always does. DNA is randomly chopped and dispersed to descendants in an unbiased, random, and uncontrollable fashion. In the end, the matching algorithm is left to deal with the "scraps" and make a decision. The autosomal DNA matching algorithm always operates within an area of uncertainty. It merely looks at the resultant DNA scraps and leftovers from recombination, declares if there is evidence of common ancestry between parties, and gives a prediction of the actual relationship between two or more parties.<br />
<br />
Well that's it for recombination. Hopefully that will clear up any misconceptions.<br />
<br />
As always, it was a pleasure to serve everyone.<br />
<br />
Thanks<br />
Steve<br />
<br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
DNAMatcheshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13455255744098073887noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7364864600411811248.post-38004725784068633382012-10-21T20:20:00.003-07:002014-01-24T20:46:46.236-08:00Understanding Autosomal DNA Testing<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Good Day Everyone. How is everyone doing doing? In this document, I am going to provide an introduction to <b>Autosomal DNA Testing.</b> By far, out of the three basic DNA genealogical tests, an autosomal DNA test is the most popular. The purpose of this document, is to provide a clear and easy understanding of an autosomal DNA test. Before taking autosomal DNA test, one should understand the nature of DNA. Your DNA is you. It doesn't change. You can change your name, address, and etc. With DNA, that's not the case. Your DNA will tell on you. In other words, an autosomal DNA will reveal the truth. For some people, that could be good. For other people, that could place a person in positions that may not be comfortable. Secrets, which could be damaging, may inadvertently get revealed. In an age where it's simple to send off a DNA sample, and get results back quickly, it's important to understand. So please keep that in mind with a test of this nature.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Let's begin with two important basic principals.</span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Basic Principals</u></b> </span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The first principal is that when two or people share or match significant regions of DNA, they share a common ancestor in their past. It is from that common ancestor that the shared DNA segments or regions are inherited. Since this is an autosomal DNA test, the common ancestor could be a male, female, or a pair of ancestors such as one's parents. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The second principal is that the more DNA you share with someone, the more closer you are to that person. This means your shared common ancestor(s) lived in a more recent time. For example, a brother and sister's last common ancestor is their mother. On the other hand, two first cousin's last common ancestor would be their grandmother. As we are going to see, this is going to be important. </span></li>
</ol>
<div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Science and Autosomal DNA Test Basics</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">An autosomal DNA test is a DNA test that is designed to discover and identify relatives and ancestors that are or were living within a <b><u>genealogical time period</u></b>. By genealogical, we mean within the last 100 to 300 years. The reason the test can only go back that far has to do with a natural process called <b>recombination</b>. (Recombination will be explained in a separate document). There are three basic autosomal DNA tests on the market. The first is <u>Family Finder</u> which is managed by Family Tree DNA. The second is called <u>DNA Relatives</u> (previously called Relative Finder) which is managed by 23andME. The third is called <u>AncestryDNA</u> which is managed by Ancestry.com.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Humans have 46 chromosomes. The first 44 chromosomes are called the <b>autosome chromosomes</b>. An autosomal DNA test looks at these first 44 chromosomes. The test works by identifying <u><i><b>linked DNA segments</b></i></u> along any of the first 44 chromosomes. These linked DNA segments are then compared to other individuals. If two or more individuals share the <b>same</b> linked DNA segment, then they are declared a "match". The linked DNA segments are composed of DNA markers known as <b>SNPs</b> (called snips).</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Let's take a look.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">DNA is composed of four bases called A, T, C, and G. A basic DNA segment would be something like this -> "CATG". Now suppose a DNA sequence changes from CAT<b>G</b> -> CAT<b>A</b>. In this case, a base "G" changed to a base "A". This can happen if DNA copies itself and a mistake occurs. The base <b>A</b> is what is referred to as a SNP. SNPs are the foundation of an autosomal DNA test.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Let's see why and how!!!!</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Methodology</u></b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">An autosomal DNA test works by identifying a consecutive number of shared and linked SNPs that lay in a row on any of the 44 chromosomes. SNPs are powerful. They are used because they change very very slowly over time. In other words, when you inherit your DNA from each of your parents, the SNPs generally are passed to you unchanged. Because of this slow change, when you and another person both share a number of SNPs on the same chromosome, then that DNA segment must of been inherited from a single source, a common ancestor.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Because each of us has two parents, we each receive a single SNP from our mother and father like this -> AT. This single pair of two SNPs are generally associated with an number called a Reference SNP ID. For example rs1234 -> AT. The "rs1234" is the reference SNP ID. Now remember that of the 44 autosome chromosomes you have, you get 22 chromosomes from your mother and 22 chromosomes from your father. Each chromosome you inherit from each parent actually sits as a <b><u>pair</u></b> with a SNP sitting at the same position and location on each of the chromosomes in the pair. You can see like this below.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><u>Chromosome Pair Number 1</u></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Chrom1-> CCCCCCCCCCCC<span style="color: red;"><b>A</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Chrom2-> AAAAAAAAAAAAA<b style="color: #0b5394;">T</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The reference SNP ID actually is used to reference the <u>position</u> of the two SNPs on each chromosome. That position will be the same. As you can see, the SNP pair -> <span style="color: red;">A</span><span style="color: #0b5394;">T </span>sits at the end of each chromosome.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Moving forward, rs1234 -> <span style="color: red;">A</span><span style="color: #0b5394;">T</span>, the SNP "<span style="color: red;">A</span>" could have came from your mother on say chromosome 1, and the SNP "<span style="color: #0b5394;">T</span>" could have came from your father on say chromosome 2. In other words, chromosome 1 = "<span style="color: red;">A</span>" & chromosome 2 = "<span style="color: #0b5394;">T</span>".</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Let put this is in a table to make it easier to see.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><u>Line</u> <u>Ref ID</u> <u>Chrom</u> <u>Child</u> <u>Mom</u> <u>Dad</u></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1 rs1234 <b>1</b>,2 <b>A</b>T <b>A</b>G CT </span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">To make things easier, I put the SNP and chromosome numbers in <b>bold</b> to indicate which SNP and which chromosome the child received from the mother. The way to read the above table in respect to the child is "On line 1, we have a child with reference SNP ID of rs1234 on chromosome 1 with a SNP value of A and on chromosome 2 with a SNP value of T."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In other words, the child has received a SNP value of "A" from mom, and a SNP value of "T" from dad.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In this example, basically the child has inherited its chromosome 1 from its mom and chromosome 2 from its father. Remember that the child's parents also have two SNPs as well. Mom and Dad each inherited a SNP from their respective parents.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Now let's look a number of SNPs on each of the chromosomes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><u>Line</u> <u>Ref ID</u> <u>Chrom</u> <u>Child</u> <u>Mom</u> <u>Dad</u></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1 rs1234 <b>1</b>,2 <b>A</b>T <b>A</b>G CT</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2 rs3454 <b>1</b>,2 <b>T</b>C <b>T</b>G CA</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3 rs5674 <b>1</b>,2 <b>C</b>C <b>C</b>G CT</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4 rs6745 <b>1</b>,2 <b>T</b>A <b>T</b>G AA</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">5 rs4688 <b>1</b>,2 <b>G</b>C <b>G</b>T CA</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the above table, we see a number of reference SNP ID's, 5 to be exact. A table like this yields a consecutive number of SNPs arranged on each of the child's unique chromosomes 1 and 2. For example, let's start at line 1 and go through line 5, recording the SNP values the child has received from its mother (in bold). Line 1 -> A, Line 2-> T, Line 3 -> C, Line 4 -> T, Line 5 -> G.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This basically means chromosome 1 of the child has SNPs -> "<b>ATCTG</b>".</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By the same token, from the father, chromosome 2 of the child has SNPs -> "TCCAC".</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The child has received five SNPs from mom and five SNPs from dad. Our total is 10 SNPs from both parents. Tests like Family Finder or Relative Finder work with tables like this shown above.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Now let's assume there is a woman named Alice Smith. Alice Smith has taken either the Family Finder or Relative Finder test. Alice Smith has table similar to one shown above.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Alice Smith has on her chromosome 1, the same sequence of SNPs -> "ATCTG".</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">An autosomal DNA test would then flag both the child and Alice Smith as a "match". In other words, both Alice and the child are related!!! Both Alice and the child have inherited the sequence of SNPs from a single source, a common ancestor.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Remember that the child inherited a total of 10 SNPs from both parents. Alice matched to 5 out of the 10. Alice matched to half the total SNPs which came from the mother's side. Because of this, an autosomal DNA test is also called a <b><u>Half Inherited By Descent </u>(HIBD)</b> or <b><u>IBD</u></b> test. This makes sense because a match (ignoring certain expections) is going to be related to you on only one side of your family. This means a match is going to have the same SNPs that either your mother or father passed to you. That usually means half.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In addition, it was mentioned in the above example, that the child inherited its chromosome 1 from its mother and chromosome 2 from its respective father. In reality, an autosomal DNA test doesn't know which chromosome or SNP came from which parent. It has no way of knowing. To the test, the only knowledge it can have is when to or more people have a number of "matching" SNPs. In order to know, you must test a parent, grandparent, or a close relative. If that ancestor or close relative, matches as well, then you know which side of the family your match is on.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Also, we saw in the simple example, that Alice matched to 5 simple SNPs to the child. In reality, tests like Family Finder will declare a match if there are in the range of 500 to 700 SNPs that a person has in common with another person. Of course there are other factors such DNA segment length, noise, and other factors that an autosomal DNA test must consider as well. To make things easy, companies like FTDNA or 23andME will lump sum the numerous factors, into a unit of measurement known as the <b><u>centiMorgan</u></b>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>CentiMorgan (cM)</u></b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If there is anything to take from this document, then the centiMorgan is something you may want to focus on. Now the exact definition of the centiMorgan can be a little tricky and hard to understand. It requires knowing about recombination and that's for another discussion. To make things easy to understand for everyone, let's look at the centiMorgan as a unit of measurement that represents DNA segment length, number of SNPs, and etc, all rolled into one. The centiMorgan basically gives us a way to compare apples to apples or oranges to oranges.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Based on current evidence and thinking, anything considered above <b>20cM</b> is <b>definitive</b> evidence of common ancestry within a <b>genealogical time frame</b>. In other words, if you share at least 21cM with a person, then you are related to that person within a genealogical time frame. At FTDNA, the Family Finder test only reports matchings above the 20cM level. Between 20cM and 10cM is considered<b> probable</b> evidence of common ancestry. 23andMe's Relative Finder appears to report above 7cM. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A good way to confirm if someone is related to you is to <u>test multiple family members</u>. This way you can know if low cM amounts such 11cm or 7cM indicate a shared common ancestor. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">From parent to around 2nd cousin once removed, there are a number of characteristic ranges of centiMorgans that ancestors and relatives will share with another. For example, I personally share 3379cM of DNA with my mother, and 3362cM of DNA with my father. These amounts are fairly normal. This represents 50 percent of the studied SNPs across my autosomal chromosomes. If you do the math -> 3379 +3362 = 6741. If we look at my mother's contribution -> 3379/6741 = 50.12%. My father's contribution -> 3362/6741 = 49.87%.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Since we all have four grandparents, we share 25% of DNA with a single grandparent. As an example, my paternal grandmother Juliette Turner shares 1763.32cM with myself. If we do the math -> 1763.32/6740.46 = 26.16%. These numbers are fairly consistent. Here is an unofficial chart with all the cM listings.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSU_PCXV6AcRtvGhwu0MCeA1_Tp_yAzmEaFAyLWRsu5yqf_SMvdifjhG-tk9j4LTr4J6aXSpxaEW176oa2gUkxXLOnMyImTZK9BecHiWPqDlAZsFobM61e50WBP6GZcrvFccOu61zivgA/s1600/cM-chart.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSU_PCXV6AcRtvGhwu0MCeA1_Tp_yAzmEaFAyLWRsu5yqf_SMvdifjhG-tk9j4LTr4J6aXSpxaEW176oa2gUkxXLOnMyImTZK9BecHiWPqDlAZsFobM61e50WBP6GZcrvFccOu61zivgA/s320/cM-chart.jpg" height="162" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It should also be mentioned that the centiMorgan numbers shown in this chart, starting at siblings down to cousin, represent FULL relatives. Full relatives share two of the same ancestors. Half relatives share a single parent, grandparent, ancestor etc. This means that half relatives share half the amount of DNA that full relatives would share. This means that you would essentially take the cM numbers listed above and slice them in half. For example, you and your aunt should share roughly around 1600cM to 1900cM of DNA. If it's discovered that you actually share say 700cM with your aunt, then your aunt is actually a half relative. This would mean your parent and your aunt are half siblings, only sharing one (not both) of their parents.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sensitive information such as this is what an autosomal DNA test can reveal. Depending on the case, it may have not be known to the family members that the aunt was a half relative. This is why tests of this nature should be firmly understood before taken. The ramifications of newly discovered information such as this can be damaging.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Now lets look at one final property of an autosomal DNA test - Coincidental matching!!!</span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><u><b>Identity By State </b>(What a coincidence!!!)</u></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It's pretty clear that when two or more people share a significant amount of DNA, a relationship is revealed. That's the basic principal in all DNA tests. However reality is not always clear cut as that!! Within a population of people, two or more people may share amounts of DNA due to mere coincidence and chance. At very low levels of DNA (1cM for example), two or more people may randomly share DNA. Sometimes this can be attributed to the test itself. In this case, the term "noise" is used. The overall general term that is used is <b>IBS</b>.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b> IBS</b> stands for <b><u>Indentity By State</u></b>. IBS is a term that refers to the matching of DNA via mere chance and coincidence and NOT common ancestry. In a population of people, two or more people will always match DNA via pure chance. IBS is what you want to eliminate from a DNA test. All DNA tests have to deal with IBS and take it into account.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></b>
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> IBD</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> stands for </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><u>Identity By Descent</u></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><u>.</u> It refers to DNA inherited via common ancestry. IBD matchings are real and that's what you want to focus on.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Companies such as Family Tree DNA and 23andMe use <b>thresholds</b> to declare a match. The reason for this is so IBS matching can be eliminated. The problem is that at low cMs, there is no clear cut way of knowing what's actually IBS or IBD. A low cM such as 7cM or 8cM could be IBS (non real) or could be IBD (real). What is known, is that the lower the cM amount, the more IBS comes into the picture.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> The current thinking and evidence shows that cMs greater than 20cM is <b>definitive </b>of common ancestry. Between 10cM and 20cM is <b>probable</b> common ancestry, and lower than 10cM falls into the range of IBS.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Well that's it for autosomal DNA testing. The important concept to remember is that autosomal DNA testing reflects relationships within a <b><u>genealogical time frame</u></b>.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As always, it has been a pleasure!!!!!!!!!!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Thanks</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Steve</span></div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />DNAMatcheshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13455255744098073887noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7364864600411811248.post-45996386001380854162012-10-21T18:26:00.000-07:002017-12-31T18:50:01.158-08:00Introduction To Genetic Genealogy<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> Good Day Everyone. How is everyone doing? In this document, I wanted to provide an introduction to DNA or Genetic Genealogy. Some people whom take the various DNA tests are confused with their DNA results. What do these DNA results mean? This document serves to remove the confusion and to make things easier to comprehend. As we may already know, the concept of DNA is very powerful. Traits and features are passed from parents to children through DNA. We hear about DNA in the news, in paternity tests, exonerating falsely accused people, revealing human origins, etc. It shouldn't come as any surprise that DNA has now made it into the genealogy arena. Let's now begin our discussion.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Basic Concepts</u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> There are two basic concepts that form the foundation of Genetic Genealogy.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">A) <b>When two or more living things share segments of DNA, there is or was, a shared common ancestor that lived in the past that connects those living things.</b> For example, if you compare your DNA to your 1st cousin's DNA, then some of your DNA is going to be similar to your 1st cousin's DNA. This is because you and your 1st cousin have the same grandparents. The grandparents are the common ancestors. Each grandparent passed a percentage of his or her DNA all the way down to the 1st cousins.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">B) <b>The more DNA you share with someone, the more closer you are to that person. This means that your last common ancestor lived in a more recent time frame</b>. For example, a brother and sister are more closer to each other, than either one of them are to their cousin. The last common ancestor shared between siblings are their parents, whereas the last common ancestor shared by 1st cousins are their grandparents. Siblings share on average, 30 to 50 percent of their DNA with each other. Cousins share 12.5 percent of their DNA with each other.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> When you get your DNA results, what the results mean depends on what type of DNA test you took. Let's now focus on the tests.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><u>Types Of DNA Tests</u></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> There are three basic types of DNA tests on the market </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">1) <b>Autosomal DNA Test </b>- Humans have 46 chromosomes. The first 44 chromosomes are called the <b><u>autosomes</u></b>. An autosomal DNA test identifies shared segments of DNA across the first 44 chromosomes When you and another person share a significant amount of DNA segments across your autosomal chromosomes, then you and that person have a common ancestor in your respective pasts. It is from that ancestor that you and your match received the shared DNA segments. The DNA amount, size, and segment length is represented as a unit of measurement known as the <b>centiMorgan (cM).</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> An autosomal DNA test uncovers and reveals relatives (matches) on <u>both sides of your family in a <b>genealogical time frame</b></u>. There are two major limitations that are associated with an autosomal DNA test. Let's take a look.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <u>The first limitation with an autosomal DNA test is that it cannot identify which side of your family a match is on.</u> This is due to the fact, that it's impossible to know which chromosome you received from which parent. Of the 44 chromosomes analyzed by the test, 22 of the chromosomes you received from your mother, and the other 22 you received from your father. In order to know, you must test a parent, grandparent, or another ancestor or relative. If that ancestor or relative matched to the same person that you matched to, then you know which side of your family your match is on.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <u>The second limitation is that an autosomal DNA test can only go back 6 to 7 generations (last 200 to 300 hundred years)</u>. This is due to a natural process known as <b>recombination</b> which will be discussed in a separate document. An autosomal DNA test can identify parents, cousins, aunts/uncles, siblings, distant cousins, etc. An autosomal DNA test can also identify half relatives as well. 23andMe's autosomal DNA test is called <b>DNA Relatives.</b> Family Tree DNA's autosomal DNA test is called <b>Family Finder. </b>Ancestry.com's autosomal DNA test is called <b>AncestryDNA</b>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">2) <b>Y- DNA Test</b> - In humans, chromosome numbers 45 and 46 are the sex chromosomes. Women have two XX chromosomes. A male has an X and Y chromosome. A Y-DNA test is strictly for men. The 46th chromosome in men is the Y- chromosome. As before, when two men share an identical amount of DNA on their Y-chromosomes, then those two men have a shared paternal (male) common ancestor. The Y-chromosome's inheritance is son -> father -> father's dad -> father's dad's dad, etc. Because your last name or surname (Williams, Jones, etc) is inherited in a similar fashion, a Y- DNA test can be used to see if a group of say, male Williams, are related. Given the fact that some surnames are fairly common (for example Williams, Jackson, etc), a Y-DNA test can help tremendously. On the other hand, a Y-DNA test can go back hundreds to thousands of generations in the past. This is due to the fact that the effects of DNA recombination are absent from a Y- DNA test. However, a Y- DNA test is mainly used for recent ancestry (last 200 to 300 years). In addition, a Y-DNA test gives you matches AND a Y-DNA <b>haplogroup</b>. (<u>Haplogroups</u> are explained in a separate document.) Family Tree DNA offers a Y-DNA test. Neither Ancestry.com nor 23andME offers a Y-DNA test. However both 23andMe and Ancestry.com do assign you a Y-DNA haplogroup. (For example E1B1A7A is a Y-DNA haplogroup)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">3) <b>mtDNA Test</b> - Inside a human cell, there is a structure called the <b>mitochondrian</b>. This structure is the battery of the cell. There are multiple copies of the mitochondrian inside a single human cell. Inside a single mitochondrian is a round circular piece of DNA called the <b>mtDNA</b>. The important thing to understand is that only women pass along their mtDNA to their children. A human male does not pass along his mtDNA to his children. Therefore, the inheritance of the mtDNA is child -> mother -> mother's mom -> mother's mom's mom -> etc. The same principle applies as already mentioned. When you and a person share an identical amount of DNA on your respective mtDNA's, then you and that person have a common maternal ancestor. The mtDNA changes very very slowly. Because of this, the <u>mtDNA is mainly used for deep distant ancestry.</u> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> In other words, the last common maternal mtDNA ancestor that's shared between two or more people, may have lived thousands of years ago. Unless your entire mtDNA is identical to someone else, then you and that person are very likely distantly related. The effects of DNA recombination are absent from a mtDNA test. This allows a mtDNA test to go back and span many generations (years) in the past.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> A mtDNA test gives you matches AND a mtDNA <b>haplogroup</b>. (Haplogroups are explained in a separate document.) Family Tree DNA offers a mtDNA test. Neither 23andME nor Ancestry.com offers a mtDNA test. However, 23andMe does assign you a mtDNA haplogroup. (For example, L3c2a is a mtDNA haplogroup).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">4) <b>BGA (Admixture) DNA Test </b>- There is a 4th separate DNA test called a BGA or Admixture DNA Test. BGA stands for biogeographical analysis. A BGA test attempts to use your DNA to identify what part of the world your ancestors originated from. If your DNA test results have something like - 69% African, 21% European, and 10% Asia, then you had a BGA test performed on your autosomal chromosomes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> <u><i>BGA Tests are controverisal</i>.</u> Currently the accuracy and validity of such tests are questioned and generally not accepted by the scientific community. Therefore you should accept BGA tests with a grain of salt. Such tests are not conclusive and can change with the introduction of new data. In addition, the results of such BGA tests can vary between different DNA testing companies. This is mainly due to the use of different algorithms and testing methods used by each company. The same holds true for any online 3rd party tool such as Gedmatch, Dodecad Ancestry Project, etc that claims to produce BGA results. BGA tests will be fully explained in a separate document.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Summary: In short, a Y-DNA test looks at only <b>one </b>side of your family (father's strict paternal side). A mtDNA test looks at only <b>one</b> side of your family (mother's strict maternal side). An autosomal DNA test looks at <b>both</b> sides of your family (both meaning everything. For example your dad's mom side or your mom's dad side. This can include the father's strict paternal side or the mother's strict maternal side as well).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Hope that helps everyone!!!! Please let me know if you have any questions.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Thanks</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Steve Handy</span><br />
<br />DNAMatcheshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13455255744098073887noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7364864600411811248.post-51534820089660361222012-07-02T10:30:00.000-07:002012-11-16T11:16:14.827-08:00Understanding X-Chromosome Inheritance<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Good Day Everyone. How is everyone doing? Fine I hope!! In this discussion, I am going to explain the inheritance pattern of the X-Chromosome in DNA Genealogy. Many people are wondering if the X-chromosome can be used in genealogical studies to predict and confirm deep and distant relationships. The answer to that is a current <b>no</b>. The X-chromosome behaves differently from the other chromosomes. Researchers are hard at work trying incorporate it into genealogical studies. Let's take a quick look and see what's going on with the X-chromosome.
<b><u>X-Chromosome Basics</u></b>
As you may know, humans have 46 chromosomes. The first 44 chromosomes are called the autosome chromosomes. The last two chromosomes are the <b><i>sex chromosomes.</i></b> The sex chromosomes are the 45th and 46th chromosome respectively. A woman has two X-chromosomes like this -> XX. A man has a single X-chromosome and a single Y-chromosome like this -> XY. One of mysterious things about the X-chromosome is that it is 3 times the size of the Y-chromosome like this -> Xy. (I used the small letter "y" to illustrate this.) In fact, according to some scientists, the Y-chromosome appears to be getting smaller over time and may eventually vanish. Watch out ladies, there may be no more men soon LOL!!!!!!!!!
The X-chromosome currently should <b><u>not</u></b> be used in any type of deep calculations to predict or suggest distant relationships. FTDNA currently is not using it for predictions. We will see why shortly. However the X-chromosome is still analyzed. It is included in a downloadable file from both Family Tree DNA and 23andME. The X-chromosome has <b>18,091</b> SNPs and is <b>196</b>cMs. For all the newbies out there, let me explain both what a SNP (snip) and cM is.
<b>SNP</b> is pronounced "snip". DNA is composed of four bases called <b>A</b>, <b>T</b>, <b>C</b>, and <b>G</b>. A basic DNA segment would be something like this -> <u>CATG</u>. Now suppose a DNA sequence changes from CAT<b>G</b> -> CAT<b>A</b>. In this case, "<b>G</b>" changed to an "<b>A</b>". This can happen if DNA tries to copy itself and a mistake occurs. The <b>A</b> base is what is referred to as a <b>SNP</b>. The SNP is simply a base that has changed from its original value due to a copying error.
Because a woman has two XX chromosomes, a woman actually has 18,091 x 2 -> <b>36,182</b> SNPs. A male has only one X-chromosome -> XY. Thus, a male has only 18,091 SNPs.
<b>cM</b> stands for <b>centiMorgan</b>. A centiMorgan is a unit of measurement that's looks at the various DNA properties (DNA segments, SNPs, etc) as one. The actual defintion of a centiMorgan is a little different from what is being defined here. I purposely did that to make things easy for everyone to understand. When comparing the DNA between two or more people, the centiMorgan unit is what you want to focus on.
<b><u>X-Chromosome Concepts</u></b>
There are two basic concepts to understand when looking at the X-chromosome. Let's take a look.
<b>1) %Inherited vs %Match</b> - This concept can be confusing but its actually easy. There is a difference between the amount of DNA inherited versus the amount of DNA matched (shared). Suppose a mother has a total of 8 SNPs (4 T's and 4 C's) on both of her chromosome 1-> TTTT and chromosome 2-> CCCC. Remember that each of us get 50% of our parents DNA (SNPs). If the child inherits its chromosome 1 from mom, the child will get -> TTTT, which is four SNPs from mom. (The child could of inherited CCCC as well). If we compare the childs four SNPs (TTTT) to the mother's four SNPs (TTTT), there will be a 100% match!!! This makes sense, because if the mother passed all four T's to the child, then the child should match all four T's. This is what the term "50% Inherited and 100% Match" means.
A father (XY) passes his entire single X-chromosome to his daugther. This means that the daugther inherits 100% of the father's 18,091 SNPs. This also means that his daugthers X-DNA is the same as his -> X(daugther)==X(father), which is a 100% match. In addition, because a father received his single X-chromosome from his mother, his daugther will automatically 100% match his mother's (paternal grandmother) X-chromosome as well.
On the other hand, the father doesn't pass an X-chromosome to his son. He passes his Y-chromosome to his son. This means the son inherited 0% SNPs and is a 0% percent match. Therefore, a son will not match his father's X-chromosome.
A mother with two X-chromosomes (XX) has 36,182 SNPs. Since she passes a single X-chromosome of 18,091 SNPs to her children, both a son and daugther will inherit 50% percent SNPs. This also means that either a son or daugther will match the same 18,091 SNPs, when a child compares their X-chromosome to their mother. That means a 100% match or 196cM matching. Here's a basic chart
<b>Parent</b> <b>Child Inherited SNPs Matched SNPs </b>
Father Daughter 100% 100%
Father Son 0% 0%
Mother Daughter 50% 100%
Mother Son 50% 100%
<b>2) Recombination</b> - This term refers to a natural process that occurs when a child is being conceived. Basically what happens is that two chromosomes physically "touch" each other and exchange genetic material. Let's take an easier look.
<b>Start</b> <b>Touch</b> <b>Recombination</b>
X(Blue)--><--X(Red) X(Blue)X(Red) X(Blue/Red)<--->X(Red/Blue)
Shown above is an example of recombination in a female. We start off with a blue and red X-chromosome. After the two touch each other and separate, we get two <b>new recombined</b> chromosomes <u>X(Blue/Red)</u> and <u>X(Red/Blue)</u>. This is what happens to nearly all of our chromosomes when we are conceived. This is why we all look different. The exception of course is identical twins. Another exception is in a male between his X and Y chromosome. Remember earlier, it was stated that the X-chromosome is larger than the smaller y-chromosome. Because of this size mismatch, there is NO recombination.
<b>Start</b> <b>Touch</b> <b>No</b> <b>Recombination</b>
X(Blue)--><--y(Red) X(Blue)y(Red) X(Blue)<---->y(Red)
This is actually why a Y-DNA test is very powerful and can extend back very far. The Y-chromosome doesn't undergo recombination. The same cannot be said for the mother. Before a mother passes one of her X-chromosomes to her children, the process of recombination occurs. Each child gets a newly recombined X-chromosome with a mixture of SNPs from the mother's parents. Here's a diagram that shows recombination in the mother.
<b>Start </b> <b>Recombination</b>
X(maternal)--><--X(paternal) X(maternal/paternal)<--->X(paternal/maternal)
The recombination that occurs when a mother passes her X-chromosome along is why the X-chromosome can't be used for genealogical studies at this point. Let's see why!!!!!!!!
<b><u>Problems with X-chromosome Inheritance</u></b>
We now have arrived at the meat and potatoes of this discussion. Let's take a look at the reason for the current issues with the X-chromosome.
The X-chromosome that's received from your mother is essentially a new X-chromosome. In fact, a brother and sister each will have a different X-chromosome that received from their mother. No matter the amount of recombination, a person still gets 18,091 SNPs from their mother. Here is the issue. Of those 18,091 SNPs you inherited from your mother's X-chromosome, there's currently no way to know how many of those SNPs are from your mother's father (maternal grandfather) or your mother's mother (maternal grandmother). There are at least two minimum scenarios.
</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Of the 18,091 maternal SNPs, 100% of those SNPs could have come from <b>one</b> maternal grandparent.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Of the 18,091 maternal SNPs, 50% of those SNPs could have come from <b>each </b>maternal grandparent.</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
Now you see the problem with the X-chromosome. <u><i>The X-chromosome, by itself, does not always pass down 50% from one grandparent and 50% from the other grandparent.</i></u> When you get your recombined X-chromosome from your mother, the mixture from her parents is not always even. Sometimes the X-chromosome will pass 100% of the SNPs from one maternal grandparent and 0% from the other maternal grandparent. In other words, zero X-DNA recombination could occur.
In the discussion, I mentioned above that the X-chromosome you get from your mother is a recombined X-chromosome. This is partially true. Sometimes there is no crossover of DNA and thus no recombination will occur between both X-chromosomes in your mother. This is why you can sometimes get 100% of your X-DNA SNPs from a single maternal grandparent and zero X-DNA SNPs from the other maternal grandparent.
Let's take a real life example from my personal family.
<b><u>Family Example 1: Possible X-Chromosome Inheritance</u></b>
My paternal grandmother is Juliette Turner. My grandmother's 2nd cousin is Lewis Lamar. 2nd cousins have the same great-grandparents. Their great-grandparents were Albert Johnson Sr and Savannah Lewis. I have DNA tested both my grandmother and her 2nd cousin.
It turns out that both my grandmother and her 2nd cousin share 24cM of X-DNA on each of their X-chromosomes. 24cM is pretty significant. That amount of DNA is definitive of a common ancestor. The question is did they both inherit that amount of X-DNA from Savannah Lewis? To start, we are working with 196cMs of X-chromosomal DNA present in Savannah Lewis. The key is that we want to track and see if the original 196cMs of DNA in Savannah Lewis is passed down intact.
Let's took a look at the two separate descent pathways from Savannah Lewis.
Savannah Lewis-> Lewis Johnson-> Lizzie Kate Johnson-> Lewis Lamar (2nd cousin)
If we start with Lewis Lamar's line, Savannah passed a single X-chromosome of 196cMs of DNA to Lewis Johnson. That would be a 100% match (196cM) if Lewis Johnson compares his single X-DNA to his mother Savannah. Lewis Johnson passed his only (<b>non-recombined</b>) X-chromosome to his daugther Lizzie Kate Johnson which is another 100% match. In fact, due to a lack of X-DNA recombination, Lizzie Kate's X-DNA from her dad would be a 100% match to her paternal grandmother Savannah.
<u>Here is the problem!!</u> Lizzie Kate passed a <b>recombined</b> X-chromosome of 196cMs to her son Lewis Lamar which lowered the original 196cM from Savannah to 24cM. The question is how much of the 24cM actually came from Savannah? Some of that minimium 24cM could have come from Lizzie Kate's mother (Lewis Lamar's maternal grandmother).</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 16px; text-align: -webkit-auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="line-height: 16px; text-align: -webkit-auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> During the recombination event between Lizzie Kate's maternal and paternal X-chromosomes (X[M]--><--X[P]), there may have been an exchange of DNA. If Lewis Lamar inherited a <b><u>recombined</u></b> X-chromosome from Lizzie Kate such as this -> X[Lizzie's mother->12cM/Lizzie's father->12cM], then part of that 24cM that he shares with his 2nd cousin, Juliette Turner, may have come from Lizzie's mother. </span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 16px; text-align: -webkit-auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> In other words, Lizzie Kate's mother may have supplied SNPs to the X-chromosome that Lewis received, that are identical to what Savannah originally had. This would be a <u><b>coincidental matching</b></u> of DNA between Savannah Lewis and Lizzie Kate's mother, who are two unrelated people - but it's certainly possible.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: -webkit-auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: -webkit-auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"> On the other hand, all 24cM could have come from Lizzie Kate's father (Lewis Lamar's maternal grandfather). In the end, we have a possible range of 24cM to 196cM for Lewis Lamar. The situation is worse for my grandmother's line.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
Savannah Lewis-> Valada Johnson-> Addie Ruth Hardeman-> Juliette Turner
Shown above is the line of descent for my grandmother. From Savannah to Valada, that's clearly a 100% match or 196cM. Valada's X-DNA would match 100% to the X-DNA of her mother Savannah. The problem immediately comes in when Valada passes a <b>possible</b> <b>recombined</b> X-chromosome to her daugther Addie Ruth. Some of Savannah's original 196cM could of gotten lowered to at least to 196cM-xcM or more. The problem is we don't how much of the 196cM-xcM at Addie Ruth's level's is Savannah's. Addie Ruth's maternal grandfather, Albert Johnson Sr, may have contributed SNPs to the 196cM-xcM that may coincidentally match SNPs that were originally present in Savannah Lewis.
If we proceed on down to my paternal grandmother, Addie Ruth passes a <b>recombined</b> X-DNA to Juliette Turner. We again don't know how much of Savannah's is present in the final 24cM that was detected in Juliette. Juliette's maternal grandfather, Vines Hardeman, may have <b>removed and supplied</b> X-DNA SNPs that were <b>identical</b> to what Savannah Lewis originally contributed. Therefore Savannah's original contribution may have been further lowered!!!!
So to answer the question - Is the 24cM from Savannah Lewis? The answer is that at this time it's unknown. All 24cMs could be from Savannah Lewis. At this point, there is no tool that exists that can reliably trace back to verify. <u><i>As one can see, a maternal grandparent can contribute unknown cMs (percentages) that coincidentally may match what another maternal grandparent originally had.</i></u> If that's the case, then one cannot say that the <b>entire</b> 24cMs is from the ancestor in question (Savannah Lewis).
We would have to show that none of Lewis Lamar or Juliette Turner's maternal grandparents, who are outside the line of descent from Savannah Lewis, made any contribution to the shared 24cMs of X-DNA.
No one as of yet has been able to design an algorithm that can make consistent predictions based on the X-chromosome's haphazard mode of inheritance.
The autosome chromosomes don't exhibit this mode of inheritance. Off the bat, it's known that a person receives 50% from each parent, 25% from grandparents, 12.5% from great-grandparents, etc. Essentially, the autosomal DNA amounts are "<b>summed up</b>" before hand, and an algorithm can be based on that.
Let's take a look a 2nd example from my family with a larger shared X-DNA amount.
<b><u>Family Example 2: Possible X-Chromosome Inheritance </u></b>
My mother is Muriel J. Mitchell. My mother's first cousin is Lonette Fay Lanier. Muriel and Lonette are first half cousins. Both Muriel and Lonette shared the same grandmother - Annie Elizabeth Mitchell (1884-1938). It turns out that Lonette and Muriel share 58.8cMs of X-DNA.
The question we want to ask is this: Is the 58.8cM of shared X-DNA from Annie Elizabeth Mitchell?
To answer this question, we want to look at both Muriel and Lonette's line of descent from their grandmother - Annie Mitchell. To begin, we start off with 196cM of X-DNA in Annie Mitchell.
Annie Elizabeth Mitchell -> Ulysses C. Mitchell -> Muriel J. Mitchell
From Annie Mitchell to her son Ulysses, we have a passing of a single X-chromosome of 196cM. Ulysses Mitchell is a 100% match to his mother Annie Mitchell. Ulysses Mitchell then passes his only non-recombined X-chromosome of 196cM to his daugther - Muriel J Mitchell. Muriel is a 100% match to Ulysses AND to her paternal grandmother - Annie Elizabeth Mitchell as well. This is because there was no recombination (no exchange of X-DNA) that occurred between X and Y chromosome within Ulysses Mitchell. Therefore all of Muriel's X-chromosomal DNA is from her paternal grandmother. However 58.8cMs of that 196cM matches Lonette. Let's take at Lonette's line of descent to answer our question.
Annie Elizabeth Mitchell -> Nancy Lula Proctor -> Lonette Fay Lanier
Annie Elizabeth Mitchell passes a single X-chromosome of 196cMs of DNA to her daugther - Nancy Lula Proctor. This is a 100% match if Nancy compared her X-chromosome to her mother - Annie Mitchell. Nancy then passes a recombined X-chromosome of 196cM to her daugther - Lonette Lanier. Of that shared 196cMs of X-DNA, 58.8cM matches Muriel Mitchell.
The problem is that Lonette's maternal grandfather - Charles A. Proctor - may have removed and then supplied SNPs to the shared 58.8cMs of X-DNA. By coincedence, Lonette's maternal grandfather - Charles Proctor - may have supplied SNPs that may match what originally was present on Annie Mitchell's X-chromosome. If that's true, then all of the shared 54cMs of X-DNA is NOT from Annie Mitchell. We would have to show that Lonette Lanier is a 100% match to her maternal grandmother to prove that the shared 58.8cM of X-DNA is from their grandmother - Annie Mitchell. In the end, Muriel and Lonette share 58.8cMs of X-DNA that all could be from Annie Mitchell.
To makes things interesting - let's throw my line of descent into the mix as Lonette and myself share 58.3cMs of X-DNA. (Lonette Lanier-> X-58.3cM <-Steve Handy Jr.)
Annie Elizabeth Mitchell -> Ulysses C. Mitchell -> Muriel J. Mitchell -> Steve Handy Jr
Continuing from above - Muriel passes a <b>recombined</b> X-chromosome of 196cM to myself. Of that 196cM - I share 58.3cM of X-DNA with Lonette Lanier. The problem is that my maternal grandmother - Odessa Ridgeway - may have replaced and supplied SNPs to my maternally inherited X-chromosome. Odessa Ridgeway may have supplied SNPs on my X-chromosome that were identical to what Annie Mitchell orignally contributed. If that's true, then <b>all</b> of the shared 58.3cM of X-DNA is <b>NOT </b>from Annie Mitchell.
In my line of desent - there are <b>two</b> potential maternal grandparents of mine that could of contributed to the shared 58.3cM of DNA between me and my cousin Lonette. We would have to show that none of those maternal grandparents made any contribution to the 58.3cM of X-DNA. Given the X-chromosome's unpredictable mode of inheritance, that's currently not possible to do.
It's easy to assume that a large amount of X-DNA is from a shared ancestor - but with the X-chromosome - it's not always as simple as that.
There's one more concept that needs to be touched on before ending the discussion - coincidental matchings.
<b><u>IBS and Noise</u></b>
Someone once said the truth is stranger than fiction. Indeed this is the case in this final discussion. It's logical to think that two or more people who share DNA are automatically related. In reality, this is partially true. Living things may share DNA due to simple chance and coincidence. For example, a bird and bat both have wings. However they both evolved those structures in two separate and independant lines.
<b>IBS</b> stands for <b>Identical By State</b>. It's a term that essentially means a matching of DNA via <b>chance or coincedence</b>. Noise is simply IBS that's created by the DNA test itself. Noise is simply a reflection of the imperfection inherent in any man made tool or test. Noise and IBS appear frequently in X-chromosomal matchings. For example, remember that a father never passes an X-chromosome to his son. Thus, there would be a 0% matching between the X-chromosomes between a father and son. However, due to noise, it can be shown an X-chromosome matching between a father and son, say at 3cM, can occur. Clearly that would be noise and should be ignored accordingly.
Well that's it for basic X-chromosome inheritance. Basically if you want to use the X-chromosome, then the most it can be used for is 1st or 2nd generation predictions and matchings.
An example of where the X-chromosome can be used in genealogical studies is between two <b>female cousins</b> whose fathers are siblings. (Each father must have the same mother) Each female cousin's paternal X-chromosome is a 100% match to their <b>shared paternal grandmother</b>. This is because there is zero recombination between the X and Y chromosomes of the father. The father simply passes a non-recombined X-chromosome to his daughter. That non-recombined X-chromosome has the entire 196cMs of X-DNA which is passed down intact from the cousin's paternal grandmother.
If both female cousins share, say 100cMs of X-DNA, then clearly that shared amount of X-DNA is from their shared paternal grandmother.
Beyond the grandparents, the X-chromosome simply is not a reliable genetic structure that can be used at this time. This is due to the X-chromosome's unpredictable mode of inheritance. Hopefully in time, our understanding of the X-chromosome's mode of inheritance will improve. This may lead to an algorithm that can based on it and thus the X-chromosome can be used in deep genealogical studies.
As always, it been a pleasure to serve and help you
Thanks
Steve Handy</span></div>
</div>
DNAMatcheshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13455255744098073887noreply@blogger.com39tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7364864600411811248.post-28294994270148391482012-05-25T09:24:00.002-07:002014-01-19T06:23:13.789-08:00Hardeman Family Origin: Turner Connection<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Good Day Everyone,</span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> My name is Steve Handy. This is my first blog post. I thought it would be appropriate to share some of my personal experiences and discoveries in DNA Genealogy. I use the services of company called Family Tree DNA (FTDNA). FTDNA is considered by popular opinion the leader in Genetic Genealogy. What follows is a major discovery I recently uncovered. Let's begin. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Uff12yowOu3XPBOwddMF11We9TNdNEJHQ2oCNNz4JHixr_V4GuN9wpO4aTfGJezVXc5sFptySyCfJEOR0Ylhhho2ccnhobP8jfR-wm5QlLZgJgrXXn3GQnq2TCU6eMrnGc4yZLCdg98/s1600/Juliette+Turner.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Uff12yowOu3XPBOwddMF11We9TNdNEJHQ2oCNNz4JHixr_V4GuN9wpO4aTfGJezVXc5sFptySyCfJEOR0Ylhhho2ccnhobP8jfR-wm5QlLZgJgrXXn3GQnq2TCU6eMrnGc4yZLCdg98/s200/Juliette+Turner.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">My paternal grandmother - Juliette Turner</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">My paternal grandmother is Juliette Turner. Growing up, I had the luxury of knowing all four of my grandparents. My grandmother - Juliette Turner never knew her grandparents nor did she really have any information on them. Well that's has changed - thanks to the advances in DNA and Internet technology. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">My grandmother does know her 1st half cousin - Martin Hardeman. Dr Martin Hardeman and Juliette Turner both share the same grandfather - </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Vines</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hardeman. </b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Being half cousins, they only share one ancestor. When I first begin DNA Genealogy over a year ago, I initially tested myself, then my father, and eventually tested my grandmother. To date, most of my matches on my father's side, have fallen on Juliette Turner's side. I know this because many of them have matched to my father's mother Juliette Turner and her 1st half cousin Martin Hardeman.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhld9iSVVfEcQZIOJIftmLBmLkS-363hHiMTBi05-jTp9i5Pykm194_0lElW0tafNsHkbTeGaulME0U2Qc4b3GHhmu6qUhwDiQ8YIT8ighwN3xY4GT9GyiT-IERKRdvkjh9u4xhhVwurxU/s1600/Martin+Hardeman.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhld9iSVVfEcQZIOJIftmLBmLkS-363hHiMTBi05-jTp9i5Pykm194_0lElW0tafNsHkbTeGaulME0U2Qc4b3GHhmu6qUhwDiQ8YIT8ighwN3xY4GT9GyiT-IERKRdvkjh9u4xhhVwurxU/s200/Martin+Hardeman.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dr. Martin Hardeman</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dr Martin Hardeman is a professor at Eastern Illinois University. I was interested in DNA testing Dr. Hardeman. Martin Hardeman took both the Family Finder and Y-DNA test. Of course both Martin and Juliette matched in the Family Finder test. They both share 410cM of DNA. Full cousins share in the range of 800cMs - 1000cMs of DNA. The shared 410cMs of DNA is low due to their half relationship. Depending on this case, common matches shared between Martin and Juliette, automatically place them at the door of their common ancestor - <b>Vines Hardeman (1856-1929). </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikAtO8xTHXXSf4A66OSejtfKDdVbDhectFpv0QIzF5ZCNUKeMiWH2WDjaZJNJs1gi3Ql4GZoUhYdRIp5RvGOe5XiNTPJEwK9CKpqfueY0MZPUT-ekIMa3WyGwrzHtlR9GdrEeXW7QhfVk/s1600/Hardeman-1870.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikAtO8xTHXXSf4A66OSejtfKDdVbDhectFpv0QIzF5ZCNUKeMiWH2WDjaZJNJs1gi3Ql4GZoUhYdRIp5RvGOe5XiNTPJEwK9CKpqfueY0MZPUT-ekIMa3WyGwrzHtlR9GdrEeXW7QhfVk/s320/Hardeman-1870.png" height="199" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Family Of Daniel Hardeman Sr and Eliza Franklin </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">My real interest was in my 2nd great-grandfather - <b>Vines Hardeman</b>. Vines had many children by different women. For some reason - I was intrigued by his history. The best way to study Vines, next to his documented history, was via the Y-chromosome. This was accomplished via having Martin Hardeman take the Y-DNA test. Martin's father was Rilious "Unc" Hardeman. Rilious's father was Vines Hardeman. And last - Vines's father was Daniel Hardeman Sr (1815). The Hardeman Clan originated in Jasper County with the birth of Daniel Hardeman Sr (shown as David Hardeman in 1870 Census). Therefore - when Dr. Martin Hardeman took the Y-DNA test, it provided the perfect insight into the Hardeman lineage. Let's took a look at that lineage. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsOW_5HN-Z_dIJKSrKMno9Zaj4OPu4Srw1lnvYw73a6re0vWtKJzY-Dv1byuzZd9wCpV1npIElo08McPBHeZxiyRSYpzzAQrUNwAEYv8X6EjFd5JUHOlCo0wQyMx16VXC81u4SxLgeKAU/s1600/Turner-Y-DNA-Matches.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsOW_5HN-Z_dIJKSrKMno9Zaj4OPu4Srw1lnvYw73a6re0vWtKJzY-Dv1byuzZd9wCpV1npIElo08McPBHeZxiyRSYpzzAQrUNwAEYv8X6EjFd5JUHOlCo0wQyMx16VXC81u4SxLgeKAU/s320/Turner-Y-DNA-Matches.jpeg" height="236" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">FTDNA Y-DNA matches to Dr. Martin Hardeman</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) is passed down from father to son to grandson in a straightforward fashion. The Y-chromosome that Dr. Martin Hardeman has was passed down intact from his first known Hardeman male ancestor - Daniel Hardeman Sr (1815). Similarly - your surname is passed down in the same fashion. Although some people get their last name from their mother, many of us simply inherit our last name from our father. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Because of the two similar inheritance patterns, a Y-DNA test can be used to determine if a group of men with the same last name are related. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It was expected that Dr. Martin Hardeman's Y-chromosome would match to men with last name of Hardeman. However there was a bit of a surprise. Martin Hardeman's Y-chromosome matched to men with the surname of </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Turner</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">!!! </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(It should be noted that this line of Turner's is in no apparent relation to Juliette Turner's paternal line. Juliette Turner's mother was Addie Ruth Hardeman (1892-1930) who was one of Vines's oldest known daughters).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHw4TZbZApmkTOUC-MoPnelJAwg4dfJPzv2DxqsiqeQEczRkiuOK-OWpOaQDl_eF5f0QPH5Q9kbeKFh_2hd1HgllzWaFZRfdiQ7kW6a4EkUD0V5XsqQYT0HYvhyxSz1o20wk5TadswlhY/s1600/Y-DNA-Group-10-Turner.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHw4TZbZApmkTOUC-MoPnelJAwg4dfJPzv2DxqsiqeQEczRkiuOK-OWpOaQDl_eF5f0QPH5Q9kbeKFh_2hd1HgllzWaFZRfdiQ7kW6a4EkUD0V5XsqQYT0HYvhyxSz1o20wk5TadswlhY/s400/Y-DNA-Group-10-Turner.jpeg" height="101" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffd3; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;">Y-DNA matchings of Dr. Martin Hardeman to the Group 10 - Light Blue Turners</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In Genetic Genealogy, the term <b>NPE</b> <b>(Non Paternity Event) </b>refers to a break in the link between the Y-DNA and a surname. The explanation for a NPE can be an adoption, illegitimacy, rape, or surname change. Martin Hardeman's Y-DNA, at 37 markers, matched to around 15 men with the surname of Turner. The male Turners that Martin Hardeman matched to are descendants of a group of male Turners whose ancestry originated in Virginia. They are called the <u>Group 10 - Light Blue Turners</u>. These men were founded by three brothers: <u>Meshach, Shadrach, and Abednego Turner</u> in the 1700's. Meshach Sr's children moved to Georgia. Martin Hardeman's Y-DNA is closest to that of Meshach's male line. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It's clear that the explanation for the NPE in this case is a name change. Whatever the case, the evidence clearly indicates that Daniel Hardeman Sr's (1815) male parent or male paternal grandparent must have been a male Turner. That's the only way for Dr. Martin Hardeman to posses a Turner Y-DNA. The identity of Daniel Hardeman's paternal ancestry apparently has been revealed thru two gentlemen: Dr Benjamin Bernstein and Mr Ralph Lloyd Duggar. Let's take a look.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Match 1: Dr. Benjamin Bernstein</u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH7Pr9beZR6N8EPPJHxryssGqVpQGc9roY6Ze6NxuvQYVLP1dVdkFgjqU2La64S0mGlB7X3xuETqY2x_ntCgR9-S6weEkzWIEXfiyU0LX41B8uLz1TPBdgl_7Ys3XyOaBYRNBU9aMF3gI/s1600/Benjamin+Bernstein.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH7Pr9beZR6N8EPPJHxryssGqVpQGc9roY6Ze6NxuvQYVLP1dVdkFgjqU2La64S0mGlB7X3xuETqY2x_ntCgR9-S6weEkzWIEXfiyU0LX41B8uLz1TPBdgl_7Ys3XyOaBYRNBU9aMF3gI/s1600/Benjamin+Bernstein.jpg" /></a>Juliette Turner and Martin Hardeman both matched to Dr. Benjamin Bernstein. This match happened in the Family Finder test which is an autosomal DNA test. The shared DNA amounts are 34.96 cM and 31.72cM respectively. Essentially Dr Benjamin Bernstein is a distant cousin to both Juliette Turner and Martin Hardeman. All three share a common ancestral gene pool. When I examined records and documents, I discovered that Meshach Turner Jr (1768-1810) married Sally Farmer (1765-1805) and had several had children. Sally Farmer is a relative of Dr. Benjamin Bernstein. Sally Farmer's father was James Farmer. James Farmer (1726-1809) is the 4th great grandfather of Benjamin Bernstein.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOiIjbuDtw-JN_Bqs8JR7Y8I3FwkNQ_jO1_1-RseK2BixgRHDgID_swFJRJdZlZSRlqhkkybtaGgBq-Mj-QAa0u6MAQhX32Y03NMvmXqOVqB_vNRO5hguUZsOfBDvvNPbhw1AadyWJWBA/s1600/Turner.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOiIjbuDtw-JN_Bqs8JR7Y8I3FwkNQ_jO1_1-RseK2BixgRHDgID_swFJRJdZlZSRlqhkkybtaGgBq-Mj-QAa0u6MAQhX32Y03NMvmXqOVqB_vNRO5hguUZsOfBDvvNPbhw1AadyWJWBA/s1600/Turner.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">With the connection found, this then opened up other discoveries. Meshach Jr and Sally Farmer produced two sons in Wilkes, Georgia - Meshach Turner III (1790-1860) and James Francis Turner (1787-1860). Meshach Turner III moved to Jasper County, Georgia. Meshach III married his 2nd wife - Sarah Hickman Tucker in 1818 in Jasper County. The evidence at this point strongly points to Meshach Turner III as being the father of Daniel Hardeman Sr who was born in 1815 in Jasper County Georgia. On the other hand, James Francis Turner could have been the parent as well. Both brothers would of had the same Y-DNA to pass on to Daniel Hardeman Sr. It's even possible another unknown son of Meshach Jr and Sally Farmer - may have fathered Daniel Hardeman Sr. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">What is a fact is that Meshach Jr and Sally Farmer are the clear paternal grandparents of Daniel Hardeman Sr. That's the only way that both Juliette Turner and Martin Hardeman can be tied to Benjamin Bernstein. There is DNA evidence (autosomal DNA and Y-DNA) and documented historical evidence that definitively establishes this. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Both Meshach Jr and Sally Farmer died before Daniel Hardeman Sr was born. Therefore one of Meshach Jr's sons fathered Daniel Hardeman Sr. That's the only way a Turner Y-DNA could have entered the Hardeman paternal lineage and simultaneously have a connection to Dr Benjamin Bernstein. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A bigger question is which son, Meshack Turner III or James Francis Turner, is the actual father of Daniel Hardeman Sr. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Let's look at the line of supporting evidence from Mr. Ralph Lloyd Duggar.</span><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrD_ze7gPD6KzJlVu3d1o8BLUPtowjveKG8pTY94GGCLBmGpyBsXSbmF_y9eRXJNZCMUtWd4BqyArnFPvvVr_Zwb3CQbs3TdzFJJPZp2D6Y1l6eE5zybH9jfIp4-aXf_OQdqR2kN4Ci9s/s1600/Ralph.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrD_ze7gPD6KzJlVu3d1o8BLUPtowjveKG8pTY94GGCLBmGpyBsXSbmF_y9eRXJNZCMUtWd4BqyArnFPvvVr_Zwb3CQbs3TdzFJJPZp2D6Y1l6eE5zybH9jfIp4-aXf_OQdqR2kN4Ci9s/s320/Ralph.JPG" height="218" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">DNA connection to Ralph Lloyd Dugger</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u></u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Match 2: Ralph Lloyd Dugger</u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Juliette Turner and Benjamin Bernstein both DNA matched to Mr. Ralph Lloyd Duggar. This took place in the Family Finder test. The amounts shared are 22.62cM and 43.84cM. Meshach Turner III and Sarah Tucker eventually moved to Washington, Indiana in the 1820's. They both had 9 children. One of those children was <b>Sarah Ann Turner (1829-1896)</b>. <u>Sarah Ann Turner is the great-grandmother of Ralph Lloyd Dugger.</u> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiubeX0KT8MlnUvacDRZsv2SUZ7AzAaODtnn50CEurwQP6Dbyo0kIF3IZ2OsLUGmAz2kgkOb1a1LsxtugkIcdmWzYOT3-gckhFyU4LGkjaD2F9w7pippivv7CP60arCMf8ULY60Ve_S-RM/s1600/Ralph-Lloyd.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiubeX0KT8MlnUvacDRZsv2SUZ7AzAaODtnn50CEurwQP6Dbyo0kIF3IZ2OsLUGmAz2kgkOb1a1LsxtugkIcdmWzYOT3-gckhFyU4LGkjaD2F9w7pippivv7CP60arCMf8ULY60Ve_S-RM/s200/Ralph-Lloyd.jpg" height="119" width="200" /></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This 2nd line of evidence from Mr Ralph Dugger then reconfirms Meshack Turner Jr and Sally Farmer as the paternal ancestors of Daniel Hardeman Sr. In addition, t</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">his confirms </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">that Ralph Dugger, Juliette Turner, Benjamin Bernstein, and Martin Hardeman share James Farmer as their common ancestor. </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><u><br /></u></b>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><u>Summary of Common Ancestors </u></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Here is a summary of the discovered common ancestors</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">James Farmer (1726 - 1809) - Shared by all parties involved, Benjamin Bernstein, Juliette Turner, Ralph Lloyd Dugger, and Martin Hardeman.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Meshach Turner Jr (1786 - 1810) and Sally Farmer (1765 - 1805) - Shared by Juliette Turner, Ralph Lloyd Dugger, and Martin Hardeman.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Summary of Relationships</u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Here are the new confirmed relationships:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Juliette Turner and Benjamin Bernstein -> 5th Cousins</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Martin Hardeman and Benjamin Bernstein -> 5th Cousins</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ralph Lloyd Dugger and Benjamin Bernstein -> 5th Cousins</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><u>Questions</u></b></span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The first question is who is the mother of Daniel Hardeman Sr. It's clear she was African-American. It's safe to assume that Daniel Hardeman's mother was born into slavery in the Jasper County area of Georgia. It's was there where Meshach III (assuming Meshach III is Daniel Hardeman's father) must have met her - likely on a plantation. It's also possible - she was property of Meshach Turner III or James Francis Turner. Apparently, Meshach Jr left his family property which included slaves. Attached below is his will.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The 2nd question is which son of Meshack Turner Jr is the father of Daniel Hardeman Sr. Since Meshack Turner Jr died before Daniel Hardeman Sr was born in 1815, Meshack Turner Jr's Y-chromosome was passed to Daniel Hardeman Sr through one of his sons. That's the only way the Turner Y-DNA was transmitted to the Hardeman paternal line. Either James Francis Turner, Meshack Turner III, or another brother was the father of Daniel Hardeman Sr. Since Daniel Hardeman Sr was born in Jasper County, Georgia, the most <b>likely</b> father would be Meshack Turner III due to his known presence in that part of Georgia around the time period of 1815.</span></li>
</ol>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBWtLPNpH72dnpRaUd5QmvB-LHdLmdNs3fQh9RAeQ1pEQJRwTS5EqYBWUGcaP9O54eGmvtSRrY6HpXQnOlCY8j8tMfZRidOMy0oZuponwmUBIbs0PR2OMtHLwANZxXyYnh-C_KfY_1YE8/s1600/Meshack-Will.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBWtLPNpH72dnpRaUd5QmvB-LHdLmdNs3fQh9RAeQ1pEQJRwTS5EqYBWUGcaP9O54eGmvtSRrY6HpXQnOlCY8j8tMfZRidOMy0oZuponwmUBIbs0PR2OMtHLwANZxXyYnh-C_KfY_1YE8/s640/Meshack-Will.png" height="147" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Last will of Meshack Turner Jr (1768-1810)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Well that's it. I want to thank everyone involved - mainly Dr. Benjamin Bernstein, for his research which helped solve this puzzle.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Thanks</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Steve Handy</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
DNAMatcheshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13455255744098073887noreply@blogger.com23